A Multi-layered Approach to Exchange Structure

1. A Multi-layered Approach to Exchange Structure Shown for Feedback: Tripartite Structures by MargaretBerry

2. Underlying Idea: • Single-layered structure not sufficient to describe discourse constituents • Multi-layered structures show more than one feature of a constituent • With a multi-layered structure the following utterance can be foreseen

3. Goals • To describe similarities and differences • To work towards a theory of discourse • to be able to say that some constituents are alike in some way but different in another ( Multilayered structure) • To classify the different types of organisation in a discourse

4. Feedback • Can be optional or obligatory • Has a tripartite structure  occurs in 3rd place • Is not necessarily interchangeable • Fusion of both categories not possible according to multi-layered system

5. Approach • Inform & elicit exchanges examined • Show that the new pattern is independently variable • Set up a new level, if the found pattern is co-extensive • No new level has to be set up when pattern is coterminous

6. Layers In A Discourse • Informational layer • Interpersonal layer • Textual layer • Ideational layer

7. Informational Layer • Primary Knower (knows already the information) •  indicates his status: k1 •  declaring/delaying: dk1 • Secondary Knower (information imparted to a person) •  indicates his position: k2 •  plus a contribution: k2f (follow-up)

8. Interpersonal layer • The functions (dk1/k2/kf2/k1) occur only once • Recurrenc (!)  new bound exchange or new free exchange • Knowledge can be admitted or denied: k2 • Preselection system for k2f = k2f(p) + knowledge - knowledge

9. Preselection • System can be constrained by the choice made from the system at k2 • Second knower  k2+ = kf2 -/+ • Preselection that links k2 and kf2

10. Textual Layer • One speaker are obligatory for • One utterance a discourse • 1st contribution of 1st speaker: ai, aii, aiii ... • 1st contribution of 2de speaker: bi, bii, biii ... • Functions followingf. ex. ai have a system in common  ai structures the exchange

11. Bundles of function • dk1 k2 k1 k2f ai bi aii bii 2) dk1 k2 k1 ai bi aii 3) k2 k1 k2f ai bi aii 4) k2 k1 ai bi

12. Bundles of Function 5) k1 k2f ai bi 6) k1 ai • Formalised and explicit realisation statements can be attached to them

13. Polite Consensus-Collaborative Model • Speaker has the choice of a) supporting b) challenging • Available at each place in the structure • There are less serious challenges  queries • Each place in textual layer after ai  a) support b) query c) challenge

14. Polite Consensus-Collaborative Model • Different types of query: • Qk2: effectively euquivalent to dk1, lexical item ‚well‘+auxiliary verb+ pronoun • Qk1: effectively equivalent to k1, liexical item auxiliary verb+ pronoun • Cannot occur in the same slot

15. Ideational Layer • Minimum amount of information is a completed proposition  pc • Basis of completed proposition  pb • Support of the proposition  ps • Pc / pb / ps represent progression through the exchange • A: Is John coming? (pc) B: John is not coming. (pb) A: I wished so. (ps)

16. Summary • Each function can only occur once in an exchange • It must be mapped on a function from the - textual layer - interpersonal layer • Obligatoriness of all elements for an well-formed exchange

17. Example Trial 1_1 1) A: Okay...sag mir noch mal was ganz oben bei dir an dem an der Wand ist. B: Ganz oben an der Wand? A: Ja 2) A: Ist das zentral, mittig äh oder rechts oder links eher? B: In der Mitte. [Also]... A: [ in der Mitte].Okay. Davor sitz’n Sessel. 3) B: Ähm, der steht rechts vom Stuhl. A: Rechts vom Stuuhl... in der Ecke? B: Genau. A: Genau.