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Respiratory System Disorders

Learn about COPD, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, asthma, pneumonia, and SIDS. Understand causes, symptoms, and treatments of these respiratory conditions.

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Respiratory System Disorders

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  1. Respiratory System Disorders

  2. COPD • Chronic Obstructive pulmonary diseases • Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema • Usually effects smokers • Person develops severe problems breathing • Frequent cough and infections are some signs • Most suffer from acidosis and are very fatigued due to lack of oxygen

  3. Chronic Bronchitis • Excessive secretion of bronchial mucus • Leads to a persistent cough • Caused by smoking • The damage to the respiratory system lining leads to an inflammatory response from the immune system • Mucus glands in the lining swell up and produce more mucus • Persons who are affected have shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, cyanosis, and pulmonary hypertension

  4. Lung Cancer • Leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. (160,000 annually) #1 for new cases in both men and women. • Major problem is that when diagnosed in individuals, it is usually too late to treat effectively • Most persons afflicted die within 1 year of diagnosis, but there is a 10-15% survival rate • Smoking is a leading cause, as is second hand smoke exposure • Usually occurs in the bronchial tree and the deeper into in the lungs it goes, the worse it is. • Symptoms include; cough, spitting blood, wheezing, weight loss, shortness of breath, and chest pains.

  5. Emphysema • Alveolar walls are destroyed and burst • This reduces the surface area that is possible for gas exchange • Leads to a decrease of oxygen in the blood • Also traps air in the lungs due to an increase in dead space • Persons develop a condition called “barrel chest” • Caused by smoking, pollution, dust, or exposure to allergens.

  6. Cystic Fibrosis • Genetic disorder of the epithelial tissue in the respiratory tract and the digestive system • Most common in Caucasians • Liver, pancreas, lungs, small intestines, and sweat glands are all affected • Excessive Na in sweat due to lack of Chlorine carriers in the blood • Mucus produced by these individuals is usually very thick and it clogs up pores, membranes, and all absorptive surfaces • Connective tissue slowly replaces elastic fibers due to scarring from the overproduction of mucus • Over time it destroys lung tissue strains the heart, and reduces the effectiveness of epithelial tissues

  7. Cystic Fibrosis • 30,000 Cases in the US • In addition to lung issues, it also blocks the pancreas from releasing digestive enzymes • 75% of cases are diagnosed by 2 • Most people live into their 40’s and beyond with it • Treatments include airway cleanses, antibiotics, inhaled medicines, and oral pancreatic enzymes

  8. Asthma • Characterized by chronic airway inflammation • Is reversible either spontaneously or with treatment • The obstruction is due to smooth muscle spasms within the walls of the small bronchi and bronchioles as well as increased mucus secretion by the walls of these airways • Triggers for attacks could be allergens, emotional states, aspirin, and exercise • Symptoms include: difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, tachycardia, fatigue, and anxiety • An Inhaler with albuterol is given to open up the airway

  9. Pneumonia • Acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli • Most common infectious disease in the U.S. • Caused by the pneumococcal bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae • Elderly, infants, and anybody with a compromised immune system are susceptible, along with cigarette smokers, and COPD sufferers • The bacteria release toxins that can lead to damaged alveoli and mucus membranes • Treatments involve the use of antibiotics

  10. SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) • Infants stop breathing in their sleep • No known definite cause, but some risk factors are: • 1. Premature births • 2. Higher rates in males • 3. Babies with respiratory infections • 4. Families with a history of it

  11. SIDS • Common environmental causes are: • 1. Stomach sleeping • 2. Sleeping on soft surfaces or with blankets and pillows • 3. Sleeping with parents (Co – sleeping) • No warning signs are obvious to parents when it may occur • Respiratory center of the brain is where the issue lies in unexplained deaths

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