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Intro to Motivation

Intro to Motivation. WHY? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0zVPZBykSE. What moves people to action?. Pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain Counterproductive? Drug use? Studying?. Freud. Basic sexual/ aggressive instincts operate unconsciously dreams fantasies slips of the tongue.

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Intro to Motivation

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  1. Intro to Motivation WHY? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0zVPZBykSE

  2. What moves people to action? • Pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain • Counterproductive? • Drug use? Studying?

  3. Freud • Basic sexual/ aggressive instincts operateunconsciously • dreams • fantasies • slips of the tongue

  4. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow • Basic tendency toward growth to master our lives

  5. Martin Seligman • Emphasized cognitive factors in motivation and emotion • How do you explain your successes and failures?

  6. Human sexual nature? • Shows relationship between psychological and biological • How did we go from caveman to Kimye?

  7. What does it all come down to? • Drives/Incentives/Homeostasis/Optimum Arousal • Pushed by need and pulled by incentive • How does this relate to Harlow’s Monkeys? Need (food/water) Drive (hunger/thirst) Drive-reducing behavior (eating/drinking)

  8. Close your eyes… • Think about the future • Hopes? • What do you see?

  9. What is hope? • Agency: willpower or energy to get towards a goal (choice) • Pathways: perceived ability to generate routes to achieve that goal

  10. Hope Index • Add items 2, 9, 10, and 12 = agency • Add items 1, 4, 6, and 8 = pathways • Add agency + pathway • Mean for each is 12.5 (total 25)

  11. High on hope scale = pursue greater number of life goals and tend to be more successful in achieving those goals • Interpret obstacles as “life challenges” rather than threats • React to obstacles with less stress and less increase in blood pressure • Hopeful women report less pain in childbirth • Higher life satisfaction, self-esteem, optimistic

  12. So why are you here?

  13. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  14. Motivation Theories Copy this! • Evolutionary Theory A. Early instinct theories: fixed, genetic programs behavior • William James Principles of Psychology • William McDougall – 18 Instincts • Migrating behaviors and mating displays of birds • Examples in human behaviors, including rooting, sucking, and grasping

  15. Copy this! B. ethology: relating behavior to features of environment • Nest building (inherited dispositions) • Instincts reflect adaptation to environment • Development and expression can vary (seasons, food, mates) • Sign stimuli shapes/triggers behavior

  16. C. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory • Natural selection • Emotions are based on instincts

  17. Copy this! D. Modern evolutionary psych: predispositions and probabilities, not instincts • Natural selection acts on genes expressed in particular circumstances 2. Selection takes place at the individual level; it is not “survival” in the literal sense 3. Behaviors adaptive in one time or place may not be adaptive to others (affluence and food choice)

  18. 2. Arousal Theory Copy this! • Motivation: to achieve and maintain a certain level of arousal • Animals seek activities that create levels of physiological arousal • Theories differ in assumptions about whether arousal is negative or positive

  19. B. Drive-reduction theory (Clark Hull) • Behavior originates from physiological need for food, water, air. • These needs create tension (irritation) away from homeostasis • When needs are met (homeostasis), arousal is low; needs give rise to drives

  20. Restore equil. • Drive: internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that reduces tension • Blood vessels in skin dilate to • remove heat • Person sweats • Turn down furnace • Remove Sweater Temp. too high Comfortable range for body temp centered at 98.6°F • Blood vessels in skin constrict to • conserve heat • Person shivers • Turn up furnace • Put on sweater Temp. too low Restore equil.

  21. C. Animals are motivated to reduce the drive • Behaviors (eating, drinking, breathing) reduce need by restoring homeostasis • Behaviors are reinforced/strengthened thru drive reduction • Acquired motivation: stimuli associated with drives become motivators; stimuli associated with drive reduction become rewarding

  22. 3. Optimal Arousal Theory a. Some nonzero level of arousal is optimal • Arousal below optimal level motivates behavior to increase arousal • Arousal above optimal level motivates behavior to decrease arousal b. Individual differences • People vary in the ways they seek levels of arousal • Sensation-seeking is an aspect of personality related to risky behavior

  23. Just how sensation-seeking are you?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iuv__-nyO1M

  24. 4. Incentive Theory • Motivation is produced by need for goal attainment • Need for goal attainment or achievement may be either intrinsic or extrinsic • Feelings vs. material often tangible reinforcers

  25. B. Effect of external reward on intrinsic motivation • Providing extrinsic reward for intrinsic motivated behavior can decrease interest in task • Overjustification effect: Deci’s puzzle solving experiment • Or school in general – what it was like to go to school in kindergarten vs. 11th or 12th grade

  26. C. Conditioned incentives • Cravings – thru learning environmental stimuli = craving • Watch someone eating popcorn = you want popcorn 2. Wanting – motivation to approach incentive • If you have a cold, you may want cold medicine but not like it

  27. 5. Cognitive Consistency Theory • Motivation for thoughts to be consistent with behavior • Cognitive dissonance • Self-perception theory: an individual perceives his or her own behavior and forms beliefs and attitudes that are consistent with it

  28. Self Perception Theory • A man is asked whether he likes wheat bread and replies, “I must like it; I’m always eating it.” His wife would say the same thing. • Introspection/justification is a poor guide due to weak cues • Outside observer assumes another’s internal states

  29. 6. Humanistic Theory • Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs B. Csikszentmihalyl’s flow • deep, authentic involvement in meaningful activities • Requires skilled control over instinctive drives

  30. High Challenge Flow Anxiety Low Skill High Skill Apathy Boredom Low Challenge

  31. Flow experiences • Attention that is freely invested and centered on achieving goals • Choosing to spend time in activities that work towards goals • Lack of psychological disorder • agoraphobia • Challenges that require new skill • English skill vs. want to read Shakespeare • Clear goals and feedback • Math teacher concepts • Transformation of time • Fun activities vs. monotony • Loss of self-consciousness • Stage fright

  32. Break

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