Satellite Applications and Types

1. Satellite Applications and Types Prepared by: Eng. Ahmed Hassan Abd-Elaziz Satellites Applications and Types

2. Brief history on satellite systems • 1957 Sputnik: U.S.S.R first satellite which transmitted telemetry information for 21 days. • 1958 Score: USA first satellite which was used to broadcast President Eisenhower’s Christmas greetings message. • 1960 Echo: Reflector satellite. • 1960 Courier: Store and forward transmission. • 1962 Telstar & Relay: Repeater satellites. • 1963 Syncom: USA first geostationary communication satellite. • 1965 Intelsat “Early Bird”: USA constellation of communication satellites providing international broadcast services. Satellites Applications and Types

3. Brief history on satellite systems • 1965 Molniya: First Soviet military communications satellite. • 1972 Synphonie: Communication satellite built by France and Germany. • 1972 Anik: Canadian communication satellite, Anik means "little brother. Satellites Applications and Types

4. Satellite orbits • Orbit Height: • Geostationary Orbit (GEO): 35,786 km above the Earth, 24 hour period, Circular Equatorial • Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): 8,000 – 20,000 km above the Earth. • Low Earth Orbit (LEO): 500 – 2,000 km above the Earth. • Orbit Shape: • Circular • Elliptical • Three Basic Orbits: • Circular Polar • Elliptical Inclined • Circular Equatorial Satellites Applications and Types

5. Elliptically Inclined Satellite orbits Satellites Applications and Types

6. Satellite applications and types Satellites Applications and Types

7. Satellite applications and types • TV broadcast satellites. • Weather satellites. • Military satellites. • Navigation satellites. • Mobile Satellites. • Disaster monitoring satellites. • Search & rescue satellites. • Store & Forward satellites. • Mineral Exploration and Mining satellites. • Lunar exploration satellites. • Deep space exploration satellites. Satellites Applications and Types

8. TV Broadcast Satellites Satellite television is television delivered by the means of communication satellites, as compared to conventional terrestrial television. In many areas of the world, satellite television services supplement older terrestrial signals, providing a wider range of channels and services, including subscription-only services. The first satellite television signal was relayed from Europe to the Telstar satellite over North America in 1962. The first geostationary communication satellite, Syncom 2 was launched in 1963. The world's first commercial communication satellite, called Intelsat (Early Bird) was launched into synchronous orbit on 1965. Satellites Applications and Types

9. TV Broadcast Satellites Satellites used for television signals are generally in either naturally highly elliptical (with inclination of +/- 63.4 degrees and orbital period of about 12 hours) or geostationary orbit 37,000 km (22,300 miles) above the earth’s equator. Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an uplink facility. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9 to 12 meters in diameter. The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the transponders tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. Satellites Applications and Types

10. TV Broadcast Satellites The transponder 'retransmits' the signals back to Earth but at a different frequency band. The downlinked satellite signal, quite weak after travelling the great distance is collected by a parabolic receiving dish. A LNB device amplifies the relatively weak signals, filters the block of frequencies in which the satellite TV signals are transmitted, and converts the block of frequencies to a lower frequency range. The evolution of LNBs was one of necessity and invention. The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable could be used to connect the indoor receiver with the satellite TV dish and LNB. Satellites Applications and Types

11. TV Broadcast Satellites Satellites Applications and Types

12. TV Broadcast Satellites • In GEO orbits, there are 318 Television satellites. • Examples of TV satellites: • NileSat. • ArabSat. • Hot Bird. • Galaxy. • Astra. • Spaceway. • ChinaSat. • Atlantic Bird. • TurkSat. Satellites Applications and Types

13. Weather Satellites EUMETSAT_METOP GOES-8 USA Weather Satellite Satellites Applications and Types

14. Weather Satellites A weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the earth. Satellites can be either polar orbiting, seeing the same swath of the earth every 12 hours, or geostationary hovering over the same spot on Earth by orbiting over the equator while moving at the speed of the Earth's rotation. These meteorological satellites, however see more than clouds and cloud systems; City lights, fires, effects of pollution, sand and dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents, etc., are other types of environmental information collected using weather satellites. Satellites Applications and Types

15. Weather Satellites The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2 was launched on 1959. It was designed to measure cloud cover and resistance, but a poor axis of rotation kept it from collecting a notable amount of useful data. The first weather satellite to be considered a success was Tiros-1, launched by NASA on 1960. TIROS operated for 78 days and proved to be much more successful than Vanguard 2. Satellites Applications and Types

16. Weather Satellites Observation is typically made via different channels of the electromagnetic spectrum, in particular, the Visible and Infrared portions. Visible-light images from weather satellites during local daylight hours are easy to interpret even by the average person; clouds, cloud systems such as tropical storms, lakes, forests, mountains, snow ice, fires, and pollution such as smoke and dust are readily apparent. Even wind can be determined by cloud patterns, alignments and movement from successive photos. Satellites Applications and Types

17. Weather Satellites Image from the GOES-9 weather satellite Eumetsat-Satellite-Loop-Europe_1 Satellites Applications and Types

18. Weather Satellites The thermal or infrared images recorded by sensors called scanning radiometers enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. Infrared satellite imagery can be used effectively for tropical cyclones with a visible eye pattern. The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area and typically 30–65 km in diameter. Cyclone Catarina from the ISS on March 26 2004 Satellites Applications and Types

19. Weather Satellites Geostationary weather satellites orbit the Earth above the equator at altitudes of 35,880 km. They remain stationary with respect to Earth, so they can record or transmit images of the entire hemisphere below continuously with their visible-light and infrared sensors. The news media use the geostationary photos in their daily weather presentation as single images or made into movie loops. Polar orbiting weather satellites circle the Earth at a typical altitude of 850 km. Polar satellites are to observe any place on Earth and will view every location twice each day. Polar orbiting weather satellites offer a much better resolution than their geostationary counterparts due their closeness to the Earth. Satellites Applications and Types

20. Weather Satellites There are16 Geostationary and 11 polar weather satellites. For geostationary weather satellites, the United States has two satellites in operation; GOES-11 and GOES-12. The Japanese have one in operation; MTSAT-1R. The Europeans have several Meteosat series. The Russians operate the GOMS over the equator south of Moscow. India also operates geostationary satellites which carry instruments for meteorological purposes. China operates the Feng-Yen satellites, FY-2C, FY-2D and FY-2E. For polar weather satellites, The United States has the NOAA series. Europe has the Metop-A satellite. Russia has the Meteor and RESURS series of satellites. China has FY-1D and FY-3A. Satellites Applications and Types

21. Military Satellites A military satellite is used for a military purpose, often for gathering intelligence as a communication satellites used for military purposes, or as a military weapon. A satellite by itself is neither military nor civil. It is the kind of payload it carries that enables one to arrive at a decision regarding its military or civilian character. For example, a civilian satellite can carry military transponders and vice versa. Civil commercial satellites are also known to carry out military tasks including enabling military communications, imagery etc. At the same time, military satellites like the NAVSTAR GPS have more civilian users than military users. Satellites Applications and Types

22. Military Satellites A spy satellite is an earth observation satellite or communication satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications. The first generation type (i.e. Corona 1 - 2 and Zenit) took photographs then ejected canisters of photographic film, which would descend to earth. Corona capsules were retrieved in mid-air as they floated down on parachutes. Later spacecraft had digital imaging systems and downloaded the images via encrypted radio links. Corona-119 aircraft the film dropped on a parachute Satellites Applications and Types

23. Military Satellites • Examples of spy satellite missions: • High resolution photography (IMINT) . • Communications eavesdropping (SIGINT) . • Covert communications. • Monitoring of nuclear test ban compliance. • Detection of missile launches . Satellites Applications and Types

24. Military Satellites There are 37 LEO, 5 MEO and 6 GEO military satellites. Pentagon U-2 photo over a military air base Satellites Applications and Types

25. Navigation Satellites Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the standard generic term for satellite navigation systems that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. A GNSS allows small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude and altitude) to within a few metres. Receivers on the ground with a fixed position can also be used to calculate the precise time as a reference for scientific experiments. Satellite navigation using a laptop and a GPS receiver Satellites Applications and Types

26. Navigation Satellites The United States NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only fully operational GNSS. The Russian GLONASS is a GNSS in the process of being restored to full operation. China has indicated it will expand its regional Beidou navigation system into the global COMPASS navigation system 2015. The European Union’s Galileo positioning system is a GNSS in initial deployment phase, scheduled to be operational in 2013. GPS Navigation Satellite Satellites Applications and Types

27. Navigation Satellites NAVSTAR GPS The NAVSTAR global positioning system (GPS) satellites provides latitude, longitude, altitude, direction of travel, travel velocity and correct time of day to anyone anywhere, day or night, in any weather. The U.S. Air Force created the constellation of 24 NAVSTAR satellites circling Earth twice a day. At least four of the space beacons are in view from any spot on Earth at any time. GPS Constellation Satellites Satellites Applications and Types

28. Navigation Satellites NAVSTAR GPS NAVSTAR is short for Navigation System using Timing And Ranging. Ships, planes, trains, trucks, cars and even persons on foot can know their positions in latitude, longitude, and altitude within 58 feet or 328 feet anywhere in any weather, along with their velocity within 0.45 mph, or better than one foot per second, and correct time to within one-millionth of a second. GPS Satellite Status Satellites Applications and Types

29. Navigation Satellites NAVSTAR GPS A receiver on the ground has to hear from only three NAVSTAR satellites to find its own latitude and longitude location. Hearing from a fourth satellite lets the receiver calculate its own altitude. Each satellite also monitors its own navigation data errors, signal availability, and clock failures. Army and Marine troops followed their hand-held GPS receivers during wars. Casio GPS Watch Satellites Applications and Types

30. Navigation Satellites GLONASS Satellites GLONASS satellite system is a radio-based satellite navigation system, developed by the former Soviet Union and now operated for the Russian government by the Russian Space Forces. Development on the GLONASS began in 1976, with a goal of global coverage by 1991. Beginning on 1982, numerous rocket launches added satellites to the system until the constellation was completed in 1995. Following completion, the system rapidly fell into disrepair with the collapse of the Russian economy. GLONASS Satellite Satellites Applications and Types

31. Navigation Satellites GLONASS Satellites Beginning in 2001, Russia committed to restoring the system, and in recent years has diversified, introducing the Indian government as a partner, and accelerated the program with a goal of restoring global coverage by 2009. GLONASS Satellite Mounting Satellites Applications and Types

32. Navigation Satellites Galileo Satellites Satellite navigation users in Europe today have no alternative other than to take their positions from US GPS or Russian GLONASS satellites. Yet the military operators of both systems give no guarantee to maintain an uninterrupted service. As far back as the early 1990s, the European Union saw the need for Europe to have its own global satellite navigation system. Galileo Satellite Satellites Applications and Types

33. Mobile Satellites • The Global Mobile Satellite System (GMSS) is a general term referring to the selection of satellite phone providers available to private customers. • Geostationary Systems: • INMARSAT • MSAT • Thuraya. Mobile Satellite System Satellites Applications and Types

34. Mobile Satellites • Big “LEO” Systems • ARIES • ELLIPSO • IRIDIUM • ODYSSEY • Little “LEO” Systems • Orbcomm • LEOSAT • STARNET • VITASAT Thuraya Mobile Satellite Satellites Applications and Types

35. Disaster Monitoring Satellites The Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) consists of five remote-sensing satellites constructed by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) and operated for the Algerian, Nigerian, Turkish, British and Chinese governments. The DMC provides emergency Earth imaging for disaster relief under the International Charter for Space and Major Disasters. Other DMC Earth imagery is used for a variety of civil applications by a variety of governments. Fire image Satellites Applications and Types

36. Disaster Monitoring Satellites Colima Volcano, Mexico Flood disaster Satellites Applications and Types

37. Disaster Monitoring Satellites The DMC has monitored the effects and aftermath of the Indian Ocean Tsunami (December 2004), Hurricane Katrina (August 2005), and many other floods, fires and disasters. Merapi volcano, May 11, 2006 Captured by Space Imaging’s IKONOS satellite Satellites Applications and Types

38. Disaster Monitoring Satellites Tsunami Disaster Satellites Applications and Types

39. Search & Rescue Satellites Search and rescue satellites are designed to provide a way for vessels at sea and in the air to communicate from remote areas. These satellites can detect and locate emergency beacons carried by ships, aircrafts, or individuals in remote or dangerous places. Satellites equipped with search and rescue equipment fly over a beacon that is releasing an emergency signal. Using mathematical calculations involving the doppler effect, scientists can translate that signal into coordinates, and determine the location of the distress signal within four kilometres. Satellites can assist search and rescue (SAR) activities on a worldwide basis by providing accurate, timely, and reliable alert. Satellites Applications and Types

40. Search & Rescue Satellites Cospas-Sarsat system aims to reduce, as far as possible, delays in the provision of distress alerts to SAR services, and the time required to locate a distress and provide assistance, which have a direct impact on the probability of survival of the person in distress at sea or on land. To achieve this objective, Cospas-Sarsat Participants implement, maintain, co-ordinate and operate a satellite system capable of detecting distress alert transmissions from radio-beacons that comply with Cospas-Sarsat specifications and performance standards and of determining their position anywhere on the globe. Satellites Applications and Types

41. Store & Forward Satellites A satellite in low Earth orbit has only limited coverage, with a footprint diameter near 6000km. However, with a suitable choice of orbital inclination, it can cover each part of the globe within 24 hours. Store and Forward communications is a concept different from that employed in trunk communications. It stores signals received from the uplink, recording the message transmitted to the satellite. The message can then later be broadcast or retransmitted it on demand. A single satellite in low Earth orbit can therefore provide a true global messaging service. This concept was first proposed by Brandon in 1957, and implemented on the COURIER satellite in 1960 using onboard tape recorders. Satellites Applications and Types

42. Mineral Exploration and Mining Satellites Satellite imagery and aerial photography has proven to be an important tool in assessing mineral exploration tenements, it provides the geologists and field crew location of tracks, roads, fences and habitation. Morenci Mine in Arizona Satellites Applications and Types

43. Mineral Exploration and Mining Satellites Imagery from satellite sensors such as ASTER and LANDSAT-7 have benefited geologists, scientists and exploration managers in earth sciences due to the sensor containing multiple band colours which allows them to interpret wavelengths that cannot be seen by the human eye, such as near infrared, short wave infrared and thermal infrared to identify the difference in structural features of the earth's surface. Multispectral imaging and thematic mapping allows researchers to collect data of reflection and absorption properties of soils, rock, and vegetation. This data could be utilized to interpret actual surface lithologies to identify clays, oxides and soils from satellite images. Satellites Applications and Types

44. Mineral Exploration and Mining Satellites Saline Valley, California — ASTER Satellites Applications and Types

45. Lunar Exploration Satellites The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna-2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, impacted the surface of the Moon on 1959. In 1969, Project Apollo first successfully landed people on the Moon. They placed scientific experiments there and returned rocks and data that suggested the Moon is of a similar composition to the Earth. Apollo-12 Lunar module Intrepid prepares to descend towards the surface of the Moon. NASA photo Satellites Applications and Types

46. Deep Space Exploration Satellites The exploration of Mars has been an important part of the space exploration programs of the Soviet Union, United States, Europe and Japan. Dozens of robotic spacecrafts, including rovers have been launched toward Mars since the 1960s. These missions were aimed at gathering data about current conditions and answering questions about the history of Mars. Computer-generated image of one of the two Mars Exploration Rover, which touched down on Mars in 2004 Satellites Applications and Types

47. Deep Space Exploration Satellites Mars Satellites Applications and Types