Earth Boot Camp

1. Earth Boot Camp 5.7A: Explore the processes that led to the formation of sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels.

2. STAAR 2013; #17; RC 3; Readiness; 5.2D 1. The diagram below shows the sequence of the processes that turn solid rock into sandstone:Solid rock Beach Sand SandstoneWhich two processes best complete this diagram?A. Melting and coolingB. Erosion and compactionC. Compaction and cementationD. Evaporation and dissolving Weathering, Erosion, and deposition ?

3. STAAR 2013; #17; RC 3; Readiness; 5.2D 1. The diagram below shows the sequence of the processes that turn solid rock into sandstone:Solid rock Beach Sand SandstoneWhich two processes best complete this diagram?A. Melting and coolingB. Erosion and compactionC. Compaction and cementation (because sandstone is a SEDIMENTARY rock)D. Evaporation and dissolving Weathering, Erosion, and deposition ?

4. Release Items 2006—#23 (72%) 2. Fossil fuels formed over a long period of time because heat and pressure were applied to —A carbon filtered through limestoneB organisms buried in the groundC bacteria on top of the mudD nitrogen mixed in the water

5. Release Items 2006—#23 (72%) 2. Fossil fuels formed over a long period of time because heat and pressure were applied to —A carbon filtered through limestoneB organisms buried in the groundC bacteria on top of the mudD nitrogen mixed in the water

6. 2011—STAAR™ Released Test Questions, #7 3. The finger-like formations in the cavern shown to the right are called stalactites and stalagmites. Which process most likely formed these stalactites and stalagmites? A Slow deposition of mineralsB Fast erosion of soilC Fast rising of waterD Slow cooling of air

7. 2011—STAAR™ Released Test Questions, #7 3. The finger-like formations in the cavern shown to the right are called stalactites and stalagmites. Which process most likely formed these stalactites and stalagmites? A Slow deposition of mineralsB Fast erosion of soilC Fast rising of waterD Slow cooling of air

8. 4. Coal is a nonrenewable resource that was formed hundreds of millions of years ago in swampy areas. Coal was formed from —Asilica rich lava that has been compressed over timeB animal remains that were buried over an extended periodC plant material that was buried over an extended periodD sedimentary rocks that have been compressed over time

9. 4. Coal is a nonrenewable resource that was formed hundreds of millions of years ago in swampy areas. Coal was formed from —Asilica rich lava that has been compressed over timeB animal remains that were buried over an extended periodC plant material that was buried over an extended periodD sedimentary rocks that have been compressed over time

10. 5. Oil, natural gas, and coal provide most of the energy we use today. How were these resources formed?AThese renewable resources formed deep in the Earth from prehistoric plants and animals.BThese nonrenewable resources formed deep in the Earth from prehistoric plants and animals.CThese nonrenewable resources formed from magma deep in the Earth.DThese inexhaustible resources formed from magma deep in the Earth.

11. 5. Oil, natural gas, and coal provide most of the energy we use today. How were these resources formed?AThese renewable resources formed deep in the Earth from prehistoric plants and animals.BThese nonrenewable resources formed deep in the Earth from prehistoric plants and animals.CThese nonrenewable resources formed from magma deep in the Earth.DThese inexhaustible resources formed from magma deep in the Earth.

12. 6. Millions of years ago the remains of dead plants and animals were buried by sediments. Through the action of heat and pressure over millions of years, these remains changed form. We now call these changed remains—ASolar energyB Renewable C Fossil fuelsD Heat energy

13. 6. Millions of years ago the remains of dead plants and animals were buried by sediments. Through the action of heat and pressure over millions of years, these remains changed form. We now call these changed remains—ASolar energyB Renewable C Fossil fuelsD Heat energy

14. 7. The process of breaking up rocks on the surface of the Earth is called—AdepositionBsedimentationCerosionD weathering

15. 7. The process of breaking up rocks on the surface of the Earth is called—AdepositionBsedimentationCerosionD weathering

16. 8. How does nitrogen get trapped underground as fossil fuel?A Nitrogen is deposited underground by tree roots.B Plants and animals died and decayed underground millions of years ago.C Nitrogen forms as limestone is weathered.D Bacteria in the soil take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere.

17. 8. How does nitrogen get trapped underground as fossil fuel?A Nitrogen is deposited underground by tree roots.B Plants and animals died and decayed underground millions of years ago.C Nitrogen forms as limestone is weathered.D Bacteria in the soil take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere.

18. 9. Which of the following must occur in order for plant remains to be transformed into fossil fuels? The plant remains must be—AeatenB burnedC buriedD recycled

19. 9. Which of the following must occur in order for plant remains to be transformed into fossil fuels? The plant remains must be—AeatenB burnedC buriedD recycled

20. 10. Fossil fuels formed over a long period of time because heat and pressure were applied to —A carbon filtered through limestoneB organisms buried in the groundC bacteria on top of the mudD nitrogen mixed in the water

21. 10. Fossil fuels formed over a long period of time because heat and pressure were applied to —A carbon filtered through limestoneB organisms buried in the groundC bacteria on top of the mudD nitrogen mixed in the water

22. 11. Coal, oil, and gas are resources that come from—A electric power plantsB volcanic eruptionsC the movement of waterD the remains of living organisms

23. 11. Coal, oil, and gas are resources that come from—A electric power plantsB volcanic eruptionsC the movement of waterD the remains of living organisms

24. 12. Oil, natural gas, and coal began forming millions of years ago. They provide most of the energy used by modern civilization. How are fossil fuels formed? A These renewable resources formed deep in the Earth from decaying plants and animals. B These nonrenewable resources formed deep in the Earth from decaying plants and animals.C These inexhaustible resources formed from magma deep in the Earth’s mantle.D These nonrenewable resources formed from magma deep in the Earth’s mantle.

25. 12. Oil, natural gas, and coal began forming millions of years ago. They provide most of the energy used by modern civilization. How are fossil fuels formed? A These renewable resources formed deep in the Earth from decaying plants and animals. B These nonrenewable resources formed deep in the Earth from decaying plants and animals.C These inexhaustible resources formed from magma deep in the Earth’s mantle.D These nonrenewable resources formed from magma deep in the Earth’s mantle.

26. 13. Which is an example of a fossil fuel?A swampB solar cellC waterD coal

27. 13. Which is an example of a fossil fuel?A swampB solar cellC waterD coal

28. 14. In what types of rocks are fossils usually found?A metamorphicB sedimentaryC igneousD volcanic

29. 14. In what types of rocks are fossils usually found?A metamorphicB sedimentaryC igneousD volcanic

30. 15. The speed at which sediments change to rocks can be described as—Ainstantly over a short period of timeB quickly over a long period of timeC slowly over a long period of timeD slowly over a short period of time

31. 15. The speed at which sediments change to rocks can be described as—Ainstantly over a short period of timeB quickly over a long period of timeC slowly over a long period of timeD slowly over a short period of time

32. 16. Fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal began forming under the Earth’s surface millions of years ago and now provide most of the manufactured energy we use. These resources formed—A from melted rock deep in the Earth. They are inexhaustible sources of energy. B from melted rock deep in the Earth. They are nonrenewable sources of energy.C deep in the Earth from early plants and animals. They are nonrenewable resources. D deep in the Earth from early plants and animals. They are renewable resources.

33. 16. Fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal began forming under the Earth’s surface millions of years ago and now provide most of the manufactured energy we use. These resources formed—A from melted rock deep in the Earth. They are inexhaustible sources of energy. B from melted rock deep in the Earth. They are nonrenewable sources of energy.C deep in the Earth from early plants and animals. They are nonrenewable resources. D deep in the Earth from early plants and animals. They are renewable resources.

34. 17. The chart shows some natural resources. Which of these would complete the column of Nonrenewable Resources? A. Wind B. Water C. Natural gas D. Oxygen

35. Correct answer is “C” Natural gas The three main types of fossil fuels are: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. They are nonrenewable resources because they take millions of years to form underground.

36. These answers are incorrect because… • Wind is a renewable resource. It is so vast that it cannot be used up by human activity. B. Water is a renewable resource. It can be replaced by the water cycle. D. Oxygen is a renewable resource. It is created and released into the air by producers.

37. 18. Look at the following pictures. All three are powered by what type of natural resource? A. Manmade resources B. Renewable resources C. Internet resources D. Nonrenewable resources

38. Correct answer is “D” Nonrenewable resources Petroleum is the world’s most widely used fossil fuel. It is used mainly for transportation. Natural gas is usually found with petroleum and is used mostly for heating and cooking. Both are fossil fuels and are nonrenewable resources.

39. These answers are incorrect because: • Manmade resources are made from natural resources. B. Renewable resources are reproduced at about the same rate they are used. Forests are an example. C. Internet resources provide information and services, not fuel.

40. 19. Scientists were asked to explore a region in search of coal. Using the chart identify which region they should explore first?

41. Correct answer is Region 3, the area that was once a swamp. Coal is the most common fossil fuel. Much of the coal used today comes from plants that lived in swamps millions of years ago. As the plants died, they sank to the bottom of the swamps. Mud and other sediments covered their remains; with pressure and time these changed into coal.

42. 20. The picture below shows a woman who has just finished mowing her lawn. Look at the picture carefully. Which resource in the front yard is NOT a renewable resource? A. Water from the sprinkler B. Soil under the grass C. Fuel for the mower D. Grass and plants

43. Correct answer is “C” Fuel for the mower Fuel (gasoline) used in a mower is a nonrenewable resource. It can’t be replaced once it is used up.

44. These answers are incorrect because: • Water is a renewable resource. The water cycle allows Earth’s limited supply of fresh water to be used over and over again. B. Soil is a renewable resource. As rocks are weathered away, new soil is formed. D. Grass and plants are renewable. As plants die and decay, new plants grow in their place.

45. Start of MS ?’s 21. The rock in Grand Canyon National Park is formed from layers of sand, minerals, and shells. Which type of rock is present at Grand Canyon National Park?A. IgneousB. SedimentaryC. MetamorphicD. Lava

46. Start of MS ?’s 21. The rock in Grand Canyon National Park is formed from layers of sand, minerals, and shells. Which type of rock is present at Grand Canyon National Park?A. IgneousB. Sedimentary (lots of LAYERS!)C. MetamorphicD. Lava

47. 22. The most important factor in forming the sedimentary rock layers below is—A. volcanic eruptionsB. scorching sunC. moving waterD. earthquakes

48. 22. The most important factor in forming the sedimentary rock layers below is—A. volcanic eruptionsB. scorching sunC. moving waterD. earthquakes

49. 23. Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments of weathered material that have been eroded and then deposited in layers. This process requires—A. temperature and timeB. deposition and meltingC. collection and transportationD. time and pressure

50. 23. Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments of weathered material that have been eroded and then deposited in layers. This process requires—A. temperature and timeB. deposition and meltingC. collection and transportationD. time and pressure