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Ancient Civilizations and Empires Overview

Explore the development of ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Rome, and Greece. Learn about patriarchal societies, city-states, iron age, classical empires, and influential figures like Alexander the Great and Hammurabi. Discover key events like the Punic Wars, Pax Romana, and Maurya Empire. Dive into the dynamic societal structures, political systems, and historical shifts that shaped these civilizations.

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Ancient Civilizations and Empires Overview

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  1. Review Hint game

  2. Patriarchal • Men as hunters • Men as traders and warriors • Men as head of family • Societal Structure

  3. River Valleys • Yellow • Indus • Nile • Where we find the earliest agricultural societies

  4. Mesopotamia • Sumer • Babylonians • In present day Iraq • “between the rivers”

  5. Pastoralism • Fertile crescent goats • Typically nomadic • Horse peoples on the Asian steppe

  6. City-state • Sumer • Sparta • Maya • Political structure: independent cities that had their own legal and social structure

  7. Bronze Age • Minoans • Hittites • Shang • Ancient Egypt • Age that predated the Iron Age

  8. Hammurabi • Ancient King of the Amorites (Babylonian Empire) • Law codes based on class

  9. Phoenicians • Carthage • Sea People • Alphabet

  10. Nubians • Connected Egypt to interior of Africa • Ruled Egypt in 9th C… the “Black Pharaohs of Egypt” • Lived south of Egypt and had key cities such as Meroe • People of the bow

  11. Minoans • Inhabited the Aegean • Bronze Age civ • Flush toilets • Probably ruled over the Mycenaean's from their capitol of Knossos on Crete

  12. Diffusion • Spread of ideas • Spread of diseases • Spread of… well, everything • Ex: Bantu language and culture spread from W. Africa to all reaches of sub-Saharan Africa

  13. Iron Age • Assyrians • First to initiate were the Hittites • An age that first started with the Mycenaens • Democratized metallurgy… but an age

  14. Alexander the Great • Macedonian • Father was Phillip II • Educated by Aristotle • Conquered Persia, but died and opened the door for the Maurya Empire (Chandragupta Maurya may have met him) • Hellenized Persia • Started the Greek Hellenistic Age

  15. Hellenism • Greek colonization of Persia and the Mediterranean • Ex: Rome adopts Greek mythology • Ex: Greek influences in the Middle East • “Like Greece”

  16. Classical Empires • Before 600BCE • Empires with strong militaries and centralized governments • All pressured and defeated bypeoples from the Asian Steppe • Han, Rome, Maurya and Gupta

  17. Rome • Kingdom, Republic, Empire • Italy • City-state that grows to conquer most of Western Europe and the Mediterranean • Split in two • Defeated by barbarians

  18. Punic Wars • Rome vs Phoenicians… • Phoenician Carthage, that is • 2nd one found Romans running from Hannibal and his elephants • Third war Rome devastated Carthage

  19. Augustus • Adopted heir of Julius Caesar • Octavian • First emperor of Rome • More stringent laws and focus on family values (Pater-familias) • Ushers in the Pax Romana

  20. Pax Romana • Ushered in by Augustus • Roman Peace • Empire had expanded enough to create buffer states that provided security for citizens and merchants

  21. Athens • Greek city-state • Socrates, Plato, Aristotle • Early democracy • Defeated the Persians at Marathon • Eventually Persians burn this city to the ground… but then rebuild it.

  22. Marathon • Persian vs. Greek • Athenian victory • Angers Persia • Darius, then Xerxes forms a Massive army in an attempt to defeat the Greeks

  23. Maurya Empire • Founder may have met Alexander • Power Vacuum left by Alexander may have led to the rise of this empire

  24. Celts • First peoples to settle Europe • Settled a land called Gual • Eventually will make their way North to Ireland

  25. Dynastic Cycle • Continuation of norms in China • From Shang to Zhou to Qin to Han to Sui to Tang to Song… • Probably the main reason that the fall of Western Europe was so much worse on the region than the fall of the Han in China • Round and round she goes…

  26. Zhou • Dynasty constantly at war • Spring and Autumn period (don’t be fooled, kingdoms were warring) • Warring States period (kingdoms banded together to form states and kept on fighting) • Confucius, Laozi, and Legalism, Oh my!

  27. Qin • United China (of course it all falls apart a few more times) • Shi Huangdi (self-proclaimed first emperor of China) • Dynasty that followed Zhou

  28. Han • Strong centralized government • Bureaucrats placed in high positions • Strong military to defend their northern frontiers • Founded by Liu Bang • Dynasty that followed the Qin • Pressure from Xiongnu (called Huns by some) led to their downfall

  29. Vedic Age • Indo-Europeans made their way into northern India and started this period • Time of the Vedas (Rig Veda) • Sanskrit developed from combining Aryan and Dravidian languages • Beginning of Hinduism and birth of the Caste system

  30. Caste System • India • Reinforced by Hinduism… especially reincarnation • Rejected by Buddhism • Class system

  31. Constantinople • Earlier known as Byzantium • City on the Bosporus • First Roman Christian City • Justinian had the Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom) • Taken by the Ottomans and renamed Istanbul • Founded by Constantine

  32. Diaspora • Jews forced to leave (Northern Kingdom, Israel, destroyed by Assyrians in 722BCE, Southern Kingdom, Judah, destroyed by Babylonians in 586BCE). • Merchants travel abroad to make their fortunes in the Indian Ocean • Africans brought to the New World and to areas of the Middle East • Means dispersion

  33. Gupta • Classical Empire • India • Theater State • Defeated by White Huns

  34. The Huns • From the Asian Steppe • Pastoral nomads • Pushed German tribes into Europe • Attila

  35. Germanization • During and after the fall of Rome • People groups entering Europe at the end of the Classical Age • Changed the culture and structure of Europe: from Latin to German

  36. Olmec • Americas (Mesoamerica) • Mother Culture • Big Heads • Were-jaguars and sacrifices

  37. Dao • Belief system in China • The Way • Harmony between humanity and nature • Founded by Laozi

  38. Apostle Paul • Roman Citizen • Spread Christianity • Successfully set up churches in cosmopolitan Rome

  39. Legalism • Another response to the constant fighting during the Zhou • Ideas embraced by the Qin • Men need strict laws and strict leaders to function well in society

  40. Judaism • Belief system with origin in the Middle East • Dualism • Covenant between Hebrew people and God • Abraham is the patriarch

  41. Confucianism • China • Response to Warring States Period • Social Harmony • Created strict social hierarchy • Examination system was based on these ideals

  42. Hinduism • India • Polytheism • Aryan origins • Based on a mix of Aryan and Dravidian beliefs along with the Vedas • Spread through India, into Sri Lanka and to S.E. Asia

  43. Buddhism • Indian Origin • Response to Caste System and reincarnation • Rejected by India • Spread along the silk routes to SE Asia and E. Asia • Rejected by the Tang Dynasty • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama

  44. Christianity • Middle Eastern Origin • During the Roman Empire • Paul and others spread this belief system through the Eastern Mediterranean • Branches: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox and later Protestantism

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