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RNA and Protein Synthesis. Chapter 13. Why do we need RNA?. DNA cannot leave the nucleus DNA gets transcribe into Messenger RNA (mRNA) Once edited, mRNA can leave the nucleus as a single strand. Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA.
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RNA and Protein Synthesis Chapter 13
Why do we need RNA? • DNA cannot leave the nucleus • DNA gets transcribe into Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Once edited, mRNA can leave the nucleus as a single strand
Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA • http://www.usask.ca/education/coursework/mcvittiej/bio30unit1/overheads/1.23.htm
Conection between DNA and Protein • DNA defines the genotype (genetic makeup) • Proteins determine the phenotype (specific trait) • Each gene codes for one protein (polypeptide) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/rnai.html
DNA to Protein Connection http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIrrtM47Wio 9:33 • Geneticists Beadle and Tatum studied mutant strain of orange mold • This strain was missing a necessary enzyme for mold to grow • Each mutant strain was defective in a single gene • One gene-on enzyme hypothesis • More accurate – One gene one polypeptide
Life is orchestrated by Proteins Proteins • Combinations of 20 different amino acids linked in long chains • Function is determined by amino acid sequence • Amino acid sequence is determined by DNA sequence • Used for enzymes, hair, muscles, cell parts
Amino Acids Linked • Amino Acids Link Together to Form a Protein (Polypeptide)
Protein Synthesis • DNA → RNA → Protein (polypeptide) • This happens in two main steps: • Transcription • RNA synthesis • RNA editing • Translation
Transcription-translation animations • http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/animations.html • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxLdBNAxqKg&src_vid=T1DV-tDaKEo&feature=iv&annotation_id=annotation_561613 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1DV-tDaKEo • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fiJupfbSpg
Information is sent from the Nucleus to ribosome where protein is made
Outline of making Protein • Directions on DNA • DNA opens up and messenger RNA (mRNA) copies message • mRNA is edited – some parts taken out (introns) • mRNA goes out of nucleus to ribosome • mRNA attaches to ribosome • Transfer RNA (tRNA) picks up an amino acid • tRNA attaches to mRNA matching complementary base pairs at opposite end from amino acid • Amino acid is attached to other amino acids held by the ribosome to make a chain of protein • When protein completely built unattached from ribosome
A sequence of nucleotides In DNA (a gene) is transcribed to RNA in the nucleus 2. The RNA travels to the cytoplasm where it is translated into the specific amino acid sequece of a polypeptid
A codonis a three-base "word" that codes for one amino acid. Several codons form a "sentence" that translates into a polypeptide.
Transcription players • DNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) • RNA polymerase
Translation players • mRNA • Transfer RNA • Ribosome • Ribosomal RNA
Transcription-translation animations • http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/animations.html • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxLdBNAxqKg&src_vid=T1DV-tDaKEo&feature=iv&annotation_id=annotation_561613 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1DV-tDaKEo • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fiJupfbSpg
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3210/02.html00:54 – 03:20 • Protein making analogy short movie
What are Mutations • Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA • Two types of point mutations (involving only one or a few nucleotides) • Base substitutions • Base deletions or insertions
Bill Nye Genetics greatest discoveries http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIrrtM47Wio http://school.discoveryeducation.com/teachersguides/pdf/lifescience/ds/greatest_discoveries_nye_genetics.pdf