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Understanding the Middle East Ottoman Empire

Bell Ringer 4-10-14: List 3 reasons why this subject is relevant to our learning. . Understanding the Middle East Ottoman Empire . Decree of 1839.

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Understanding the Middle East Ottoman Empire

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  1. Bell Ringer 4-10-14: List 3 reasons why this subject is relevant to our learning. Understanding the Middle East Ottoman Empire

  2. Decree of 1839 • The most striking evidence of the new direction in which the empire was being taken is contained in two royal decrees that defined the very essence of the Tanzimat. The first of them, the Hatti Sharif of Gülhane, was issued in 1839 at Rashid Pasha's insistence. The decree was not a piece of legislation but rather a statement of royal intent the sultan issued to his subjects. In it the Ottoman ruler promised certain administrative reforms, such as the abolition of tax farming, the standardization of military conscription, and the elimination of corruption. These sentiments had been expressed previously, but what made the Hatt-i Sharif so remarkable was the sultan's pledge to extend the reforms to all Ottoman subjects, regardless of their religion. In 1856, at the conclusion of the Crimean War, AliandFuad Pashas encouraged the promulgation of a second decree, the HattiHümayan, in which the principles of 1839 were repeated and the guarantees of the equality of all subjects were made more explicit. Thus, Muslim and non Muslim were to have equal obligations in terms of military service and equal opportunities for state employment and admission to state schools. (Cleveland, 83)

  3. Decree of 1839 • The intent of the two decrees was to secure the loyalty of the Christian subjects of the empire at a time of growing nationalist agitation in the European provinces. It appears that during the period of Ottoman decentralization in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the millets acquired a greater degree of autonomy than they had previously possessed. The decrees of 1839 and 1856 sought to break down the religious and cultural autonomy of the millets and to create the notion of a common Ottoman citizenship, or Ottomanism, which would in theory replace the religious ordering of society in which Muslims were dominant. The pledges were not fully implemented, as much due to Christian preference for new nationalist affiliations as to lingering Muslim feelings of superiority, but the attempt to replace religious affiliation with secular identity continued with the proclamation of a NationalityLaw in 1869. (Cleveland, 83)

  4. What are the similarities between the challenges faced by the OE and Europe in the same time period? REFLECTION

  5. Paper 1 Drill: The Greek Revolt 1. Summarize Document 7 and 2. 2. Compare and Contrast Document 6 and 5 3. Draw conclusions and generalizations that explain what the Greek Revolt showed about the effects of reform on the OE. EC: OPVL any document.

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