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Current Trends: From Neighborhood Electric Vehicles to Plug-In Hybrids Mark E. Hairr, Research Program Director ATTRP/U

Current Trends: From Neighborhood Electric Vehicles to Plug-In Hybrids Mark E. Hairr, Research Program Director ATTRP/UT Chattanooga .

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Current Trends: From Neighborhood Electric Vehicles to Plug-In Hybrids Mark E. Hairr, Research Program Director ATTRP/U

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  1. Current Trends: From Neighborhood Electric Vehicles to Plug-In Hybrids Mark E. Hairr, Research Program Director ATTRP/UT Chattanooga

  2. The ATTRP is a program of applied research by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga to develop and deploy transportation technologies that utilize clean and secure sources of energy.

  3. In January 1969 Chattanooga was citied by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare as having the worst particulate air pollution of any city in the nation Worse than Los Angeles Worse than New York Worse then New Orleans

  4. CHATTANOOGA TODAY

  5. NEIGHBORHOOD ELECTRIC VEHICLES (NEVs)/LOW SPEED VEHICLES (LSVs) • Usually one- to four-passenger vehicles with rechargeable batteries and electric motors. Plugs in to a standard 110-volt outlet • Defined by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration as having four wheels, weighing less than 2,500 pounds, with a top speed of 25 mph • About 40 states have legislation regarding LSVs—limited to streets posted at 35/mph or lower • Vehicle cost range = $6,000-$12,000 • Typically used in planned communities, universities, military bases, national parks, airports, etc.

  6. A MULTITUDE OF SMALL SCALE VEHICLES

  7. HYBRID TRANSIT VEHICLES • Combines an electric propulsion system with a power plant ICE, turbine or fuel cell stack • Benefits of electric drive system (acceleration, quieter, energy efficiency • Eliminates limitations of pure battery-electric buses (shorter range, reduced power for steeper grades) • Batteries charged while bus in service and operating • Balance of low emissions with required performance for transit operators

  8. HYBRID BUSES • Series hybrid (engine decoupled from drive wheels, energy produced from engine converted electric power from generator which powers traction motors as well as recharging energy storage device) Can operate in all-electric mode • Parallel hybrid (both combustion engine and electric motor have direct connection to transmission. Combustion engine used during higher, constant speeds and electric motor at stops and low speeds)

  9. HYBRID BUSES

  10. HYBRID ELECTRIC FUEL CELL BUS Consortium with University of Delaware, Ebus, Ballard Power Systems, EPRI, Air Liquide and Delaware Transit Corp. • Funded by FTA • 22-foot hybrid electric bus • Fuel cell is 19kh (reduces costs, matches transit operating environment on campus shuttle) • Can operate in battery-only mode for 40 miles • Project includes extensive data collection re:performance, efficiency, emissions, maintenance, etc.

  11. HYBRID ELECTRIC FUEL CELL BUS

  12. HYBRID BUSES • Composite panel Bus-32 ft. long • Gross Vehicle weight = 20,000 lbs. • Seats 37 passengers • Fuel cell drive • Battery dominant hybrid-electric drive system • Pure battery drive system

  13. HYBRID BUSES • The EV20h will be a series hybrid-electric 22-foot bus with a small 20 kWh battery that will be engine dominant.  This vehicle will typically operate with the engine running and although not as quiet or clean as an electric or hybrid-electric bus with a larger battery, this vehicle typifies the type of hybrid-electric bus available in the United States. • The EV70h will be a hybrid-electric 22-foot bus with a 70 kWh battery that will be capable of operating for longer periods of time on electricity only.  This vehicle could be driven to an area some distance from the garage and then operated on batteries for a longer period of time.

  14. PROPOSED UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS INDUCTIVELY CHARGED ELECTRIC BUS • Induces electrical energy into vehicle mounted pick-up unit. • Contact-less charging system. • No wear and tear due to friction. • Preliminary Technical Assessment: • Route analysis • Determine appropriate bus size • Clean power recommendation

  15. INDUCTIVE CHARGING SYSTEMGENOA, ITALY

  16. INDUCTIVE CHARGING SYSTEMGENOA, ITALY

  17. PLUG-IN HYBRIDS (PHEVs) • Plug-in vehicle research began in 1970s • Can be operated on electricity or internal combustion engine • Have larger batteries than typical hybrid vehicles • All electric range of 20- to 60-miles • Plug in to standard 110-volt outlet • Conversions of Toyota Prius, Development of Daimler-Chrysler Sprinter Vans, School Buses, other prototypes

  18. PLUG-IN HYBRIDS (PHEVs) • Advantages: • Reduced fuel consumption and emissions • Better fuel efficiency and performance • At-home charging from standard 110-volt outlet • Energy recover from regenerative braking • Lower fuel costs compared to typical battery hybrids • Disadvantages: • Cost and size of batteries • Battery technology development ongoing • Higher initial cost • Cost and complexity of two powertains • Added weight • Wide scale availability of charging locations • Assumes over-night charging during non-peak period

  19. CONTACT INFORMATION Mark E. Hairr Research Program Director ATTRP/University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 615 McCallie Avenue Dept. 2522, Room 214 EMCS Bldg. Chattanooga, TN 37403 423.425.5454 423.425.5464 Mark-hairr@utc.edu

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