Don’t Forget RP1a due Friday

1. Don’t Forget RP1a due Friday • Read a research paper that I have provided on the course website • Six pages • Published in AAAI • Deals with intelligent trip routing based on preferences of the driver

2. The questions I asked you to consider • Summarize - What is this paper about? • Analyze - What do the authors do well? • Analyze - What do the authors do poorly? • Analyze - What question did the author's leave unanswered? • Reflect - What did you learn about the topic they were discussing? • Reflect - What did you learn about writing a short/concise paper?

3. Artificial Intelligence in the 21st CenturyS. Lucci / D. Kopec Chapter 1: Overview of Artificial Intelligence

4. Overview of Artificial Intelligence • 1.0 Introduction • 1.1 The Turing Test • 1.2 Strong AI versus Weak AI • 1.3 Heuristics • 1.4 Identifying Problems Suitable for AI • 1.5 Applications and Methods • 1.6 Early History of AI • 1.7 Recent History of AI to the Present • 1.8 AI in the New Millennium

5. Introduction. This chapter explores the fundamental issues, topics, areas, and questions which are typically associated with artificial intelligence.

6. How do you define AI? • We started to consider this last week: • You wrote a paper last week. • We talked about the Turing Test (comes up again later in this chapter) • What does your textbook (your authors) have to say?

7. Introduction/cont. Artificial – usually has a negative connotation (synthetic – i.e. man made) e.g. artificial flower • look …maybe feel ...no smell ...no artificial lightnatural light electric light sunlight candles kerosene

8. Introduction/cont. artificial motionnatural motion planes walking trains horse automobiles

9. Intelligence Intelligence is the ability of an individual to learn from experience, to reason well, to remember important information, and to cope with the demands of daily living. Intelligence may be defined broadly as the facility at solving problems.

10. Sequence Problems. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, ? 28 is next, Triangular numbers

11. Sequence Problems. 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, ? 5 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, ? 11 0, 1, 2, ? 3 … not so fast!  

12. Sequence Problems/cont. Another possibility … 0 = 0 1! = 1 2!! = (2!)! = (2x1)! = 2! = 2 3!!! = (3!)!! = ((3x2)!)! = (6!)! = 720!

13. Returning to the issue of Intelligence… • How does one decide if someone (something?) is intelligent? • Are animals intelligent? Dogs? Cats ? Ants ? Dolphins ? • And if so, how would one measure it? … •  Clever Hans – Berlin, circa 1900 • A horse that knew how to do math … or did it?

14. Intelligence • Intelligence is the characteristic almost universally agreed upon as setting humans apart from (and above?) other creatures. • The declared goal of artificial intelligence research is to teach machines to “think”, i.e. to display those characteristics usually associated with human intelligence.

15. Can Machines Think? Not a neat yes or no, but rather a highly qualified “to a certain extent under special conditions.” Does a person, animal, machine possess intelligence … the answer is not binary: Some people are smarter than others Some animals are smarter than others Turing rephrased this question in operational terms. i.e. he sought to separate functionality fromimplementation. (analogy with Abstract Data Types – ADT)

16. Measuring Intelligence • Alan Turing (1950) proposed two imitation games • In the first: • - A series of questions is asked. • - Interrogator must determine gender of person on the other side • - If a man is successful in deceiving the interrogator, then we say that he has passed this imitation game • What questions would you suggest?

17. The second… The Turing Test for Intelligence. • Loebner Prize of $100,000 • Is it a computer or a human? If the computer is successful in deceiving the interrogator then we say that it has passed the Turing Test.

18. The Turing Test /cont. • Proposed Questions: • Sqrt(1,000,017) = ? … not a good idea, why not? • Are you afraid of dying? • How does the dark make you feel? • What does it feel like to be in love? • Is this a valid barometer for intelligence?

19. Block’s Criticism of the Turing Test • English text is encoded in ASCII • Hence a series of questions and answers may be stored as a (very large) number. • One could envision many instances of the Turing Test being stored on a very large database. • Passing the test could then be accomplished by table lookup. • Granted, such a computer system does not exist at present…But if it did, would you feel comfortable in calling this computer intelligent?

20. Searle’s Criticism of the Turing Test • The Chinese Room • we have an interrogator who will ask questions – this time - in Chinese. - we have an individual who does not know Chinese; that person possesses a very detailed “rule book.” • to most people who do not know Chinese, the language appears as squiggles.

21. Searle’s Criticism of the Turing Test /cont. • Does this person know Chinese? • 去卡內基音樂廳該怎麼走 ( "How do I get to Carnegie Hall?" ) • What is the analogy with the Turing Test?

22. The Chinese Room. Now envision instead of a single person with a rule book, a whole gymnasium of people with “notes” that are passed to one another. Does the gymnasium know Chinese? …

23. The Chinese Room /cont. • OK – finally picture the brain of someone who indeed knows Chinese. • Does an individual neuron know Chinese? • What of a collection of these neurons? • Where does the knowledge of Chinese reside?

24. Defense of Turing • Premise: It is not possible to gain insight on the internal state of something from external observations. • Rutherford was able to deduce the internal state of matter – mostly space (before electron microscope) high Matter energy particles

25. Strong AI and Weak AI • There are two entirely different schools of Artificial Intelligence: • Strong AI: • This is the view that a sufficiently programmed computer would actually be intelligent and would think in the same way that a human does. • Weak AI: • This is the use of methods modeled on intelligent behavior to make computers more efficient at solving problems.

26. Strong AI • Strong AI is the belief that providing a computer with intelligent software somehow enables that machine to think. And it will possess consciousness (a sense of ‘I’) much as humans do. • Hollywood has long been a proponent of this viewpoint, e.g. the movie “AI” in which the android main character yearns to have his identity acknowledged.

27. Weak AI • Weak AI: Intelligent behavior can be modeled and used by computers to solve complex problems. • No presupposition is made that the computer is intelligent in the way that a human is. Most artificial intelligence researchers subscribe to this belief.

28. Defining AI • We can break this down even further by thinking about a heuristic which considers AI on two dimensions • thinking vs. acting • humanly vs. rationally

29. Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally “Flavors” of AI humanly vs. rationally thinking vs. acting

30. Systems that think like humans STRONG AI Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans WEAK AI?? Systems that act rationally WEAK AI “Flavors” of AI humanly vs. rationally thinking vs. acting