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Multinational Accounting

Multinational Accounting. Accounting and finance functions are closely related Financial manager—responsible for procuring and managing financial resources Controller—collects and analyzes data for internal and external uses. Factors Influencing the Development of Accounting Around the World.

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Multinational Accounting

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  1. Multinational Accounting Accounting and finance functions are closely related • Financial manager—responsible for procuring and managing financial resources • Controller—collects and analyzes data for internal and external uses

  2. Factors Influencing the Development of Accounting Around the World Both the form and substance of financial statements are different in different countries • Statements differ in format • Terms differ • Some companies present only consolidated financial statements

  3. Other external users Enterprise users Nature of the enterprise Accounting profession Development of Accounting Objectives, Standards, and Practices International influences Characteristics of the local environment Academic influences Government Environmental Influences on Accounting Practices

  4. Cultural Differences in Accounting • Culture influences: • Measurement • Disclosure • Countries differ with respect to: • Secrecy and transparency • Optimism and conservatism • Countries moving toward greater optimism and transparency

  5. Transactions in Foreign Currencies • Recording of transactions—importer must keep track of transactions when it trades its own currency for that of the exporter to make payment • Correct procedures for U.S. companies

  6. Translation of Foreign-Currency Financial Statements • Translation— • Consolidation— • Translation methods— • Functional currency— • Current-rate method— • Temporal method—

  7. Local currency Reporting currency of parent Current-rate method Temporal method Selection of Translation Method Functional currency

  8. Balance Sheet, December 31, 1999 TEMPORAL METHOD CURRENT-RATE METHOD POUNDS RATE DOLLARS RATE DOLLARS Cash 20,000 1.6980 33,960 1.6980 33,960 Accounts receivable 40,000 1.6980 67,920 1.6980 67,920 Inventories 40,000 1.5606 62,424 1.6980 67,920 Fixed assets 100,000 1.5000 150,000 1.6980 169,800 Accumulated dep. (20,000) 1.5000 (30,000) 1.6980 (33,960) Total 180,000 284,304 305,640 Accounts payable 30,000 1.6980 50,940 1.6980 50,940 Long-term debt 44,000 1.6980 74,712 1.6980 74,712 Capital stock 60,000 1.5000 90,000 1.5000 90,000 Retained earnings 46,000 * 68,652 * 77,481 Accum. trans. adj. _____ ______ 12,507 Total 180,000 284,304 305,640

  9. TEMPORAL METHOD CURRENT-RATE METHOD POUNDS RATE DOLLARS RATE DOLLARS Sales 230,000 1.5617 359,191 1.5617 359,191 Expenses CGS (110,000) 1.5600 (171,600) 1.5617 (171,787) Depreciation (10,000) 1.5000 (15,000) 1.5617 (15,617) Other (80,000) 1.5617 (124,936) 1.5617 (124,936) Taxes (6,000) 1.5617 (9,370) 1.5617 (9,370) 24,000 8,285 37,481 Transl. gain (Loss) (9,633) Net income 24,000 28,562 37,481 Income Statement, 1999

  10. Translation of Foreign-Currency Financial Statements (cont.) • Disclosure of foreign-exchange gains and losses • Current-rate method • Temporal method • Environmental reports • Identify the impact of the company on the environment • Reports not required • Focus on the use of natural resources and efforts to recycle waste

  11. Taxation • Exports of goods and services • Foreign sales corporation (FSC)—used to shelter some of its export income from taxation • qualifications to become an FSC include: • a portion of the income of foreign corporations that qualify as FSCs is exempt from U.S. corporate income tax • Foreign branch—extension of the parent company

  12. Taxation (cont.) • Foreign subsidiary—a foreign corporation established in a country as an independent legal entity • Income is taxable to the parent or tax deferred • Controlled foreign corporation (CFC)—foreign corporation of which more than 50% of its voting stock is held by U.S. shareholders • CFC income classified as either: • active income • passive income • Tax haven—country with low or no taxes on foreign-source income

  13. Transfer Pricing 1. Definition • Transfer prices are prices used in accounting for movement of goods between operating units of a company. • Transfer at cost • Transfer at cost plus • Transfer at arms’ length. -- Favoured strategies tend to differ from country to country. Qs: Why do you think international companies move goods within the company?

  14. Illustration: The Importance of Transfer Pricing Low mark-up policy High mark-up policy

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