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Respon Tanaman Terhadap Patogen

Respon Tanaman Terhadap Patogen. Secara Khusus pada Virus dan Jamur Kelompok 1 Eko Prasetya Yasir Siddiq. From Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants , page 1113 B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem, and R. Jones ASPP Publishing, Rockville, MD, 2000.

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Respon Tanaman Terhadap Patogen

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  1. Respon Tanaman Terhadap Patogen Secara Khusus pada Virus dan Jamur Kelompok 1 Eko Prasetya Yasir Siddiq

  2. From Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, page 1113 B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem, and R. Jones ASPP Publishing, Rockville, MD, 2000

  3. From Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, page 1111 B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem, and R. Jones ASPP Publishing, Rockville, MD, 2000

  4. Respon Tanaman Terhadap JAMUR

  5. Jamur dan virus termasuk pada patogen biotropik dimana hidup ada sel tanaman dan terbatas hanya pada satu spesies tanaman Pada Non-host Resistent: • Meluasnya, terjadi pada awal, efektif • Pasif - keterikatan / perkecambahan • Aktif - awal kolonisasi, e. g. aposisidinding • Hipersensitivitas • Tahan lama

  6. Penyebaran Fungi dan Bakteria

  7. Bentuk dan penyebaran fungi pada pertanian

  8. Symptom types -- necrosis Blumeriella on plum Alternaria solani – Bekas Gejala pada kentang

  9. Symptom types – Layu Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Panama disease: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense

  10. Symptom types – Mempengaruhi Hormon Hypertrophy auxin Taphrina deformans Synchytrium endobioticum http://www.maff.gov.uk/planth/pestnote/pwd.htm

  11. Symptom types – Absisi Hemileia vastatrix

  12. Symptom types – Sterilisasi Ustilago maydis Claviceps purpurea – ergot

  13. Fungus http://www.oznet.ksu.edu • Anthracnose • Watermelon / Cantaloupe • Circular, sunken lesions • Mulch. Rotate location every 3 years. • Clean up debris at end of season. http://ianrpubs.unl.edu

  14. Respon Tanaman Terhadap Jamur Mengaktifkan gen resisten terhadap Jamur yaitu Sebuah gen yang produknya memungkinkan tanaman untuk mendeteksi patogen dan/atau membuat pertanahan terhadap jamur tersebut.

  15. Respon Hipersensitif • Kecepatan respon sekitar 24 jam • Tidak selalu untuk Resisten • Mencakup: • Oxidative reactions (production of hydrogen peroxide) • Deposition of callose • Opening of ion channels • Apoptosis

  16. From Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants,page 1087 B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem, and R. Jones ASPP Publishing, Rockville, MD, 2000 From Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, page 1133 B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem, and R. Jones ASPP Publishing, Rockville, MD, 2000

  17. Local responses • Penghentian Siklus sel • Menginduksi promotor gen untuk resisten • Phenylpropanoid pathway induced: products include salicylic acid (secondary inducer: induces other pathogenesis-related proteins), lignins (cell wall), and flavonoids • Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins • Peningkatan Phytoalexins • Fortifikasi dinding sel dengan lignin, glikoprotein kaya hidroksiprolin (HRGPs), dll

  18. Systemic Response or Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) • SAR membutuhkan 24-48 jam untuk memulai dan dapat bertahan hingga berbulan-bulan, melibatkan aktivasi gen dan sinyal yang ditransmisikan. • Gen yang diinduksi: chitinases β1,3- glucanases other PR proteins

  19. Mikoriza

  20. Model Pertahanan Tumbuhan • Hambatan fisik berupa kutikula, duri, atau dinding sel • Produksi bahan kimia konstitutif dan protein • Respon induksi

  21. Strategi pertahanan Tanaman • Hanya sebagian kecil dari infeksi patogen menyebabkan penyakit • Tanaman telah menginvestasikan sejumlah besar gen / energi untuk melawan patogen • Harus membedakan teman (misalnya Rhizobium, ramah Mikoriza) dari musuh

  22. Ekspresi gen penyandi enzim hidrolitik seperti kinase dan beta-1,3 glukanase, protein antifungal dan enzim dalam biosintesis senyawa antimikrobia seperti fitoaleksin (lin et al. 2003)

  23. Johal GS, Briggs SP. 1992. Reductase activity encoded by the Hm1 disease resistance gene in maize. Science 258: 985-987. Respon ketahanan oleh adanya gen resisten seperti gen Hm1 yang memberikan ketahanan tanaman jagung terhadap jamur patogen Cochliobolus carbonum (Johal dan Bringgs 1992) Hm1 adalah kelompok gen resisten penyandi enzim detoksifikasi. Sebagian besar gen resisten menyandi protein yang berperan pada transduksi sinyal dan dibedakan antara satu sama lain berdasarkan struktur proteinnya.

  24. Penelitan yang lebih rinci telah dilakukan pada interaksi tanaman jagung dengan cendawan patogen Cochliobolus carbonum ras 1 yang menghasilkan HCtoksin, penyebab penyakit ‘leaf spot’ dan ‘ear rot’ pada jagung. Resistensi tanaman jagung terhadap patogen tersebut ditentukan oleh alel dominan pada lokus Hm1. Gen Hm1 menyandikan suatu karbonil reduktase, yaitu HC-toksin reduktase (HCTR) (Johal dan Briggs 1992)

  25. Mekanismepertahananterhadap virus padatanaman

  26. Pendahuluan • Virus merupakansalahsatupatogen yang berpengaruhdalammenyerangtanamanpertaniandiseluruhdunia. • Penyakit yang ditimbulkanoleh virus menyebabkankerugianekonomikarenadapatmenurunkanhasildankualitasnya. • Perlindungandariinfeksi virus dapatdilakukandengankemunculan gen ketahanandalam plasma nutfah yang ada. Gen-gene inidapatberuparesesifataudominan. Keganasan virus tembakau

  27. Tahap-tahapinfeksi virus Virus infection Epidermal cells Replication Other host plants Cell-to-cell movement Mesophyll cells Phloem Systemic movement Bundle sheath cells Plant-to-plant movement Phloem Parenchyma Companion cells Kang BC et al., Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. (2005)

  28. Siklushidup virus didalamtumbuhan • Virus masukkedalaminang • Melaluivektor, denganmekanikdll– must be forced • Melaluiluka • Replikasi • Banyak step dalamreplikasinya • Virus mereplikasimaterigenetikdenganmengkodeenzimnyasendiri

  29. Siklushidup virus didalamtumbuhan • Perpidahandarisatuselkesel lain • Melewatiplasmodesmataplasmodesmata • Berpindahsebagaipartikelatau protein ataukomplekasamnukleat • Perpindahanjarakjauh • Melaluiploem • sebagaipartikelatau protein / komplekasamnukleat • Berpindahdarisatutumbuhanketumb lain • Memerlukankeseluruhanpartikel

  30. Typical RNA-containing plant virus replication cycle 2. RNA telahdimasukkan danditranslasioleh komponeninang 1. Pertikel virus masukmelaluiluka 3. Replikasi disitoplasma 4a. Infeksi RNA TMV Merambahkesel Terdekatmelalui Plasmodesmata dengan Movement Protein 4b. Partikel virus baru telahdibentuk From Shaw, 1996 Ch. 12 in Fundamental Virology (Academic Press)

  31. Plant cells are bound by rigid cell walls and are interconnected by plasmodesmata, which are too small to allow passage of whole virus particles. Plasmodesma

  32. Resistance Mechanisms to Plant Viruses • Hipersensitiverespon(HR) salahsatunyaadalahprograme cell death (PCD) Respontanamanterhadap virus melalui R-Gene Local and systemic resistance • Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) • Peningkatanekspresi R-Gen danmenghasilkansenyawaantimikrobia Hypersensitive response Soosaar J.M. et al., Nat Rev Micro. (2005)

  33. Compatible interaction • ▶ Virulence / Susceptible • Incompatible interaction • ▶ Avirulence / Resistant Resistance Mechanisms • Dominant resistance • Incompatible interactions between the host R-gene and pathogen avirulence gene. • Hypersensitive response (HR):specific recognition of the virus → rapidly induced programmed cell death → necrotic local lesion • Tobacco mosaic virus/N gene interaction: a classic hypersensitive response (HR) model system. • Recessive resistance • Mutation or loss of host components required for a step of the virus life cycle

  34. ResistanceMechanisms Virulence factor Viral Proteins Switching host system for viral infection Susceptive Interaction with Host factors Host factor Avirulence factor Dominant resistant Active defense signaling Host R protein Recognized by R protein Recessive resistant Blocking virus infection Host factor (mutated) No interaction with host factors Kang BC et al., Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. (2005)

  35. Dominant virus resistance genes Maule A.J. et al., Molecular plant pathology (2007)

  36. Dominant resistance • The largest class of R genes • Nucleotide binding site + leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) • NBS-LRR sub-division can be made on basis of N-terminal domain. • Coiled-coil (CC) domain (CC-NBS-LRR) • Leucine zipper domain (LZ-NBS-LRR) • Drosophila Toll and the mammalian interleukin (IL)-1 receptors (TIR-NBS-LRR) Domain structure of NBS–LRR proteins Belkhadir Y. et al., Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. (2004)

  37. Recessive resistance • Recessive resistances seem to be more frequent for plant viruses than for other plant pathogens. • Hilangnyahost factor yang dibutuhkandanmutasiakanmenghasilkanketahananresesif yang diturunkan. • Ketahananresesiflebihbanyakdiketahuiuntukpertahananterhadapfamilipotyvirusdaripadafamili lain.

  38. Stages of viral infection cycle Virus infection Epidermal cells Replication Other host plants Cell-to-cell movement Mesophyll cells Phloem Systemic movement Bundle sheath cells Plant-to-plant movement Phloem Parenchyma Companion cells Kang BC et al., Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. (2005)

  39. Summary of host proteins implicated in plant virus infection cycles. Translation and replication Movement Counter defense and pathogenicity Whitham S.A. and Wang Y. Curr Opin Plant Biol. (2004)

  40. Recessive virus resistance genes eIF4E eIF(iso)4E eIF4E eIF4E eIF(iso)4G eIF4E Maule A.J. et al., Molecular plant pathology (2007)

  41. replikasi dan penyebaran sistemik Virus tergantung pada faktor-faktor host.Rusak atau mutasi darifaktor host yang diperlukan untuk siklus virus yang merusak interaksi dapat menghasilkan fenotip tahan.

  42. References • Kang, B.C., Yeam I., and Jahn M.M. Genetics of Plant Virus Resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2005, 43: 581-612. • Whitham S.A. and Wang Y. Roles for host factors in plant viral pathogenicity. CurrOpin Plant Biol. 2004 2004, 7: 365-371. • Maule A.J., Caranta C. and Boulton M.I. Sources of natural resistance to plant viruses: status and prospects . Molecular Plant Pathology 2007, 8: 223-231. • Soosaar J.L., Burth-Smith T.M. and Dinesh-Kumar S.P. Mechanisms of plant resistance to viruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2005, 10: 789-798.

  43. TERIMA KASIH

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