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Banker and Customer Relation

Banker and Customer Relation. A banker is the one who gets into debts and creates debts.

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Banker and Customer Relation

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  1. Banker and Customer Relation

  2. A banker is the one who gets into debts and creates debts. • H.L. HART – the banker is one who receives money, collects cheques and drafts, for customers, with an obligation to honor the cheques drawn by customers from time to time subject to availability of amounts in the account. • Section 3 of NI ACT 1881, and Section 2 of BILL OF EXCHANGE ACT 1882. state that the term banker includes person or corporation or a company acting as banker. • Under Section 5 (1) of Banking Regulations of 1949, a banking company is defined as any company which transacts banking business. • Under Section 5 (1) B , banking business means accepting for the purpose of landing or investment, deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise withdraw able by cheque , draft or otherwise.

  3. CUSTOMER • A person who buys goods or services from a shop or a business entity. • A person you deal with as a business entity. • There is no statutory definition. • A person/ company/entity who has an account with a bank is a customer. • There is no unanimity as regards to the time period of the dealings. • A casual transaction like encashment of a cheque does not entail a person to be customer. • The duration of association of the customer with the bank is of no essence. • A customer is one who has an account with the bank and to whom the banks undertakes to extend business of banking.

  4. RELATIONSHIP • CREDITOR-DEBTOR • Relationship between the customer having a deposit account and the banker. • Depositor is the lender and the banker is the borrower. • Depositor is the creditor and the banker is the debtor. • The money handed over to the bank is a debt. • The money once deposited in the bank becomes the money of the bank and it is prerogative of the bank to use that money as it deems fit. The depositor remains a creditor that too an unsecured creditor

  5. RELATIONSHIP • DEBTOR-CREDITOR • When the customer avails a loan or an advance then his relationship with the banker undergoes a change to what it is when he is a deposit holder. • Since the funds are lent to the customer , he becomes the borrower and the banker becomes the lender. • The relation is the debtor- creditor relation, the customer being a debtor and the banker a creditor.

  6. RELATIONSHIP • BENEFICIARY-TRUSTEE • If a customer keeps certain valuables or securities with the bank for safe-keeping or deposits a certain amount of money for a specific purpose, the banker, besides becoming a bailee, is also a trustee. The money or the securities so kept are not at the disposal of the bank. The banker cannot utilize those moneys or securities as he desires since the money does not belong to him. • Here there is delivery of goods or securities from one person to the other which amounts to the bailment. As per section 148 of Indian Contract Act 1872, the delivery of goods from one person to the other for some purpose upon the contract that the goods will be returned when the purpose is accomplished. • The customer is the bailer and the banker is the bailee.

  7. RELATIONSHIP PRINCIPAL-AGENT • Banks provide ancillary services such as collection of cheques, bills etc.They also undertake to pay regularly the electricity bills, phone bills etc. • The relationship arising out of these ancillary services is of principal-agent between the customer and the bank. • The relationship seizes once the customer dies, becomes insane or becomes insolvent. • The proceedes of the cheques sent for collection,which are in transit, not created to the customer account are not the moneys of the banker till such time as they are credited into the customer account.

  8. RELATIONSHIP LESSEE-LESSOR • The banks provide safe deposit lockers to the customers who hire them on lease basis. The relationship therefore, is that of lessee and lessor. In certain banks, this relationship is termed as licensee and licensor. The bank leases out the space for the use of clients. The bank is not responsible for any loss that arises to the lessee in this form of transaction except due to negligence of that bank.

  9. RELATIONSHIP INDEMNIFIER- INDEMNIFIED • The customer is indemnifier and the bank is indemnified. • A contract by which one party promises to save the other from loss caused to him by the conduct of the promisor himself or the conduct of any other person is called a contract of indemnity – section 124 ( Indian Contract Act, 1872). In the case of banking, this relationship happens in transactions of issue of duplicate demand draft, fixed deposit receipt etc. The underlying point in these cases is that either party will compensate the other of any loss arising from the wrong/excess payment.

  10. OBLIGATIONS OF THE BANK Obligation to honor the cheque • Under section 31 of NI Act 1881, the banker is obliged to make payment of the cheque ,with mandate, properly presented, provided there is balance in the account. • However, when a garnishee order is served on the banker, the banker may seek refuse under order 21 of code of civil procedure 1908 and the banker may not pay the cheque when such order is served. If a debtor fails to pay the debt to the creditor, the latter may approach a court of law to issue a garnishee order on the banker of his debtor.

  11. OBLIGATIONS OF THE BANK Obligation to maintain secrecy • Section 13 of banking companies Act 1970 stipulates the banks to maintain secrecy of their customers accounts and dealings with them. • However there are exceptions.The exceptions are : • When law requires • When the practices and usages among bankers warrants exchange of information.

  12. RIGHTS OF BANKER • Right of general lien- Lien is the right of the creditor to retain the goods and securities owned by the debtor untill the debt due from him is paid. • It conferes upon the creditor to retain the securities of the debtor. • It does not confer the right to sell. • There are two types of liens – General lien and particular lien. • Section 171 of Indian contract Act 1872 conferes general lien on bankers. • Bankers lien is tantamount to implied pledge. The reason being the banker is bestowed with a right even to sell securities without the intervention of the court. • Pledge – Section 172 of Indian contract Act 1872- bailment of goods as security for payment of a debt or performance.

  13. RIGHTS OF BANKER • Right of set off – The mutual claims of a debtor and a creditor are adjusted together and only the remainder amount due is payable. • Right of appropriation - If the customer has more than one loan account , the customer can direct the repayment of the loan as credit into any other accounts. If there is no specific directions from the customers the banker has a right to appropriate as per his choice. • Right to charge interest- As a creditor the banker has right to charge interest on the funds he lends as per the norms and as per the contract.

  14. SPECIAL TYPES OF CUSTOMERS • LUNATICS- Under Indian Contract Act , a contract with or by a lunatic is void. The reason being the lunatic being of unsound mind is not competent to comprehend a contract. • If the banker without knowing that the person is lunatic opens an account and enters into a contract acting in good faith is protected. But when once he gets a notice of lunacy of a person, he should not entertain any contract either existing or new.

  15. SPECIAL TYPES OF CUSTOMERS • DRUNKARDS- Under section 12 of Indian contract act 1872, a sane man who is delirious from favor or who is drunk that he cannot understand the contract, or form rational judgment cannot enter into contract while such delirium or drunkenness lasts. When a customer who is drunk presents a cheque across a counter the payment must be witnessed.

  16. SPECIAL TYPES OF CUSTOMERS • MINORS- Any person under the age of 18 yrs is a minor. If a court appoints a guardian and the minor is below 18 yrs the minority extends upto 21 yrs. A minor is not competent to enter into a contract and all the contracts entered in by him are void. The banker can open an account but he has to be careful that the account will never be allowed to be overdrawn. The minor can be a partner but cannot be held liable for the liabilities of the partnership.

  17. SPECIAL TYPES OF CUSTOMERS • PARTNERSHIP - Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932, defines partnership as a relationship subsisting between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. While opening an account the partnership letter should be signed by all the partners. The purpose of the business address, names and other details should be clearly obtained. The partnership letter and the deed should contain as regards to instructions pertaining to opening a bank account and the operations. In case of any internal dispute among partners, if any of them gives notice of stoppage of operations, then the account would only be operative by all partners jointly. Death of the partner deserves the partnership. In order to determine the liability of deceased partner the banker should close the account.

  18. SPECIAL TYPES OF CUSTOMERS • COMPANIES – Company is a legal entity and the formation of the company is governed by Companies Act 1956. While opening an account on company’s name the banker has to ask for: • Certifies copies of memorandum and articles of association and certificate of incorporation. • Names of the directors • Certificate of commencement of business. • Copy of resolution appointing the bank as companies bank. And the names of the persons authorized to operate that account along with the signatures. • Death of authorized signatories does not demand the stopping of payments since the company is in existence.

  19. SPECIAL TYPES OF CUSTOMERS • TRUSTES- According to Indian Trust Act 1882, trust is an obligation annexed to the ownership of a property, arising out of confidence reposed in and accepted by the person for the benefit of another person. The person who reposes are declares confidence is called the author of the trust. The person who accepts the confidence is the trustee. The person for whose benefit the confidence is accepted is a beneficiary. The instrument by which the trust is created is the trust deed. Bank has to study the trust deed as regards to the opening and operations of the account.

  20. PRINCIPLES OF LENDING • SAFETY • LIQUIDITY • PROFITABLE • PURPOSE • DIVERSIFICATION OF RISK • SECURITY

  21. SAFETY THE REPAYMENT DEPENDS UPON : • CAPACITY TO PAY • WILLINGNESS TO PAY • INCOME GENERATION THE THREE ‘C’s ARE CHARACTER, CAPACITY AND CAPITAL THE THREE ‘R’s ARE RELIABLITY,RESPONSIBILITY AND RESOURCES

  22. LIQUIDITY 70% OF THE DEPOSITS ARE DEPOSITS REPAYABLE WITHIN ONE YEAR.SO THE AMOUNT LENT IS TO BE AVAILABLE FOR REPAYMENT OF DEPOSITS. LIQUIDITY IS THE NATURE OF THE ASSEST TO GET COVERTED INTO CASH.

  23. PROFITABILITY IN ORDER TO CASRRY ON THE OPERATIONS, TO RUN THE MACHINERY OF BUSINESS AND AT THE END TO EARN SOMETHING OUT OF THE BUSINESS ACTIVITY IN RETURN FOR THE EFFORTS PUT IN PROFIT IS AIMED AT. IN VIEW OF VARIOUS LENDING ACTIVITIES AND VARIOUS OBLIGATIONS , A CLEAR CUT PATH IS ENVISIGED KEEPING IN VIEW THE PROFIT FACTOR.

  24. PURPOSE WHILE LENDING THE PURPOSE OF THE ACTIVITY FOR WHICH THE LOAN IS EXTENDED IS TO BE GIVEN PRIORITY. LOANS FOR UNDESIREABLE AND SPECULATIVE PURPOSES CANNOT BE GRANTED.

  25. DIVERSIFICATION OF RISK SHOULD NOT LAY ALL THE EGGS IN ONE BASKET. THE LOAN PORTFOLIO SHOULD BE DISTRUBUTED TO DIFFERENT SECTORS, DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS AND DIFFERENT SPECTRUM OF PEOPLE.

  26. SECURITY SINCE THE FUNDS THAT ARE LENT TO PUBLIC ARE THE BORROWED FUNDS AND SINCE THEY ARE TO BE PAID ON DEMAND OR OTHERWISE, THE MAIN PRIORITY OF THE BANKER IS THE RELISABILITY OF THE FUNDS LENT. IN ORDER TO SECURE THE FUNDS, IN CASE OF ANY EVENTUALITY, CERTAIN PRECAUTIONS AS REGARDS TO SECURITY ARE TAKEN. THEY ARE KEEP IN MARGIN, RELISABILITY OF SECURITY, ADEQUACY OF THE SECURITY AND FREE FROM ANY ENCUMBERENCE.

  27. Payment of cheques • Section 31 NI – the banker is supposed and obliged statutorily to pay the cheques of his customer if it is other wise in order, on demand. What is a cheque? Section 6 of NI –it is a bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker not expressed to be payable otherwise on demand. bill of exchange-section 5of NI-a bill of exchange is a instrument in writing containing an unconditional order signed by the maker, directing a certain person ,to pay ascertain sum of money only ,to or to the order of a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument.

  28. PAYMENT OF CHEQUES • PREREQISETS FOR HONOURING CHEQUES • 1-the cheques must be drawn in proper form • 2-drawer signature must correspond with the specimen signature • 3-the cheque must not be either stale or post dated 4- The amount should be expressed in words or in words and figures which should agree when the amount in words and figures do not agree the amount in words is to be paid

  29. PAYAMENT OF CHEQUES • 5-mutilated cheques- it may be intentional or accidental. if it is accidental it is to be confirmed by the drawer. if it requires confirmation the cheque is to be returned with remarks “mutilated cheque requires confirmation” • 6-material alteration-section 87 of NI -an alteration which in any way alters materially or substantially the operations of the instrument and the liabilities of the parties there to is material alteration • The material alteration makes a cheque void unless the alteration is confirmed by the drawer.

  30. The confirmation is to be done by: all the joint signatories in case of joint operations Any one of the persons who is authorized to operate the account as per the mandate not neccerily the one who signed the cheque. Only the drawer can alter an order cheque into a bearer cheque by striking the word order and substituting with the word bearer. However any of the parties to a bearer cheque can can make it an order one by just striking off the words bearer PAYMENT OF CHEQUES

  31. PAYAMENT OF CHEQUES • 7)-the cheque must be properly endorsed- • In case of a bearer cheque endorsement is not required.it remains a bearer cheque despite the endorsement on the reverse.-section 85 of NI. • An order instrumentrequires to be endorsed.an order cheque can be paid to the bearer if the endorsement is blank.

  32. PAYMENT OF CHEQUES • when can a banker refuse payment ? • 1)-notice from the customer countermanding payment • 2)-notice of customer’s death • 3)-notice of customer’s insanity • 4)-notice of customer’s bankruptcy. • 5)-doubts regarding the person presenting the cheque. • 6)-notice of attachment. • 7)-notice of garnishee order

  33. PAYMENT OF CHEQUES • Protection to paying banker • Section 128 of NI-against payment of crossed cheques if the payment is made in due course. • Section 85 of NI-protection for un crossed cheques.

  34. PAYMENT OF CHEQUES • Payment in due course • Section 10-of NI –payment in accordance with the tenor of the instrument ,in good faith and without negligence to any person in possession there of under circumstances which do not afford a reasonable ground for believing that he is entitled to receive payment of amount mentioned there in.

  35. PAYMENT OF CHEQUES MONEY PAID BY MISTAKE • The person receiving the money is aware that he is not entitled to the money , the banker has the right to recover. • If an agent recieves the payment on behalf of principal and he is not aware that he is not entitled to receive the money and the money he recieves , is transferred to the principal, the banker does not have a right to recover from the agent since he changed his position and since he is no more an agent for that particular transaction. • If the mistake of payment is immediately brought to the notice of the person to whom the amount is paid before he alters his position then the banker can recover from such person to whom the payment is made.

  36. PAYMENT OF CHEQUES MONEY PAID BY MISTAKE • If the banker finds out after passing the cheque that the account has no sufficient funds or the cheque is passed and paid to an innocent holder, the banker cannot recover the amount from the person to whom it is paid, even the person has not left the bank. • If an amount is wrongly credited by a third party into the account of bank’s customer, the bank cannot repay the amount to the third party without the consent of his customer. Even though his customer is legally liable to pay to the third party the banker cannot pay without the consent of his customer.

  37. COLLECTION OF CHEQUES • Banker is the agent of his customer while making collection of instruments. • Conversion- it is unlawful creation of right to a person who is not entitled to the ownership. • Banker is responsible for such conversion. • Banker has protestation under 131 of NI in case of conversion provided • 1)-he acts in good faith • 2)-without negligence • 3)-receives payment of a cheque crossed • 4)-collects cheque for customer

  38. COLLECTION OF CHEQUES • precautions to be taken • A)-examine the endorsement-if it is in order • B)-make sure there is no conversion especially while crediting company’s cheques to directors account ,partnership cheque to parterner’s a/c , trust cheques to trustee’s personal account etc. • C)-An account payee cheque is to be credited into the a/c of that payee only • D)-not negotiable cheque is to be credited in to the a/c of the payee only.

  39. COLLECTION OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE • Bills payable on demand or at sight or on a fixed date do not need any accptence.they are called demand bills. • Bills payable after sight need to be presented for acceptance.they are called usance bills. • The due date is calculated from the date of accptance.the usnce bill is to be presented for accptance.

  40. CLEARING HOUSE • Clearing is offsetting the inter bank indebtedness arising out of collection and payment of cheques. • Clearing house is a body constituted by a group of constituent banks to facilitate clearing operations.

  41. CLEARING HOUSE • The clearing house is headed by the president who is from the bank that conducts the operations-RBI,SBIor any nationalized bank. • It has a standing committee consisting of minimum 5 maximum 7 members,including the president,from member banks. • The tenure of each member from a bank is 2 years.

  42. ADVANCES • LOANS– Are mainly classified into secured and unsecured loans – section 5A of banking regulation act 1949. A secured loans means a loan made on the security of an asset , the market value of which is not at any time less than the amount of loan. ADVANCE- handover payment to someone as a loan or before it is due. LOAN- Some of money that is lent.

  43. ADVANCES • ADVANCES- Can be classified as • Cash credits • Overdrafts • Bills discounting/purchasing • Loans • Letters of credit

  44. ADVANCES • For sanction of loans the following guidelines have to be taken into consideration: • Purpose • Target groups • Quantum of loans • Age of the borrower • Repayment • Security • Interest • Margin

  45. ADVANCES • QUANTUM OF LOAN- Eligibility as regards to the amount of the loans dependent on the gross monthly salary and net income monthly. For these details salary certificate is to be looked into for salaried people and for business people the income tax returns are to be looked into.

  46. ADVANCES HOUSING LOANS- Documents required : • Agreement of sale • Non-encumberance certificate for last 13 years. • Approved building plan • Link documents tracing to last 30 years • valuation report from bank’s engineer. • Bank statement for the last 12 months • Salary certificate • IT return for last 3 years

  47. ADVANCES • Documents to be executed: • HOUSING LOAN AGREEMENT to be executed by the borrower and the co-obligant. • INSURANCE FOR BUILDING • TITLED TO THE PROPERTY TO BE MORTAGED • DEPOSIT OF TITLE DEEDS.

  48. ADVANCES • DOCUMENTATION – It is to fix terms and conditions, to identify the borrower, to identify the securities ,to count the period of limitation, to resort to legal remedies in case of need. • The documents are governed by indian contract act , partnership act , company’s act, registration act, indian stamps act. • DIFFERENT TYPES OF DOCUMENTS • dpn • agreements • forms

  49. ADVANCES • DOCUMENTATION- The stamp duty for Dpn as per section 35 of Indian stamp act is uniformed all over the country. • Agreements – term loan agreement, hypothecation agreement, pledge agreement, mortgage agreement etc. • Indian contract act specifies the nature of agreement • It contains loan amount, rate of interest , repayment schedule, security etc. • The stamp duty on agreements varies from state to state. • FORMS- Application, undertaking letters, authorization letters etc.

  50. ADVANCES • DOCUMENTATION- LIMITATION- DPN- 3 Years STAMPING – To be done before or at the time of execution.

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