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MYCOLOGY -

MYCOLOGY -. STUDY OF MOLDS (FILAMENTOUS ORGANISMS) AND YEASTS (SINGLE CELLS WHICH PRODUCE PROGENY BY BUDDING, USUALLY ) EUKARYOTES , PRIMITIVE PLANTS, 5-10 μM DIAMETER 30 MEGA BASE PAIR GENOMES; SEVERAL CHROMOSOMES; 5,000 GENES

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MYCOLOGY -

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  1. MYCOLOGY - • STUDY OF MOLDS (FILAMENTOUS ORGANISMS) AND YEASTS (SINGLE CELLS WHICH PRODUCE PROGENY BY BUDDING, USUALLY) • EUKARYOTES, PRIMITIVE PLANTS, 5-10 μM DIAMETER • 30 MEGA BASE PAIR GENOMES; SEVERAL CHROMOSOMES; 5,000 GENES • CELL WALL WITH CHITIN (N-ACETYL GLUCOSEAMINE POLYSACCHARIDE), • ABSORPTIVE NUTRITION, • LACK CHLOROPHYLL, NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS • FORM SPORES, NON-MOTILE, • TOLERATE DRYNESS, HIGH OSMOTIC PRESSURE, • ACID AND ALKALINE ENVIRONMENTS • SAPROPHYTES - DECAY DEAD CREATURES (& PERMIT • RECYLCING) - RELEASE HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES WHICH DIGEST EXTERNAL FOOD

  2. MOLDS - • LONG, BRANCHED FILAMENTS - HYPHAE • COENOCYTIC - NO PERPENDICULAR CROSS WALLS • SEPTATE - WITH CROSS WALLS WITH PORES • GROW BY EXTENSION, BRANCHING • MYCELIUM - MASS OF HYPHAE - COLONY • SPORES - DORMANT, CAN GERMINATE • YEASTS - • UNICELLULAR, SINGLE NUCLEUS, BUD PROGENY • (USUALLY) • DIMORPHIC FUNGI - SOME WHICH CAUSE DISEASE - • YEAST FORM IN THE ANIMAL, FILAMENTOUS FORM ON • CULTURE MEDIA

  3. REPRODUCTION • ASEXUAL - MITOSIS FOLLOWED BY: • TRANSVERSE CELL WALL FORMATION FORMING TWO EQUAL DAUGHTER CELLS BINARY FISSION • BUDDING FORMING MOTHER CELL AND NEW BUD • TRANSVERSE CELL WALL FORMATION FORMING SPORES WITHIN • A HYPHA OR AT THE END • SEXUAL – • HOMOTHALLIC - SELF-FERTILIZING, COMPATIBLE GAMETES ON • THE SAME MYCELIUM • HETEROTHALLIC - CROSSING BETWEEN DIFFERENT BUT • COMPATIBLE MYCELIA. HAPLOID GAMETES FUSE; DIPLOID • GAMETES; MEIOSIS, HAPLOID SPORES

  4. ZYGOMYCETES • COENOCYTIC - HAPLOID NUCLEI, HYPHA • RHIZOIDS EXTEND DOWN INTO SUBSTRATE, ABSORB NUTRIENTS • STOLONS - ERECT HYPHAE, FORM SPORANGIA WITH BLACK • SPORANGIOSPORES • E.G., COMMON BLACK BREAD MOLD: RHIZOPUS NIGRICANS • ASCOMYCETES • SEPTATE HYPHAE, CONIDIOSPORES AT END OF CONIDIOPHORE • ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS - • UBIQUITOUS - HOMES, ALLERGIC REACTIONS, ASTHMA, SINUSITIS, • OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN ESPECIALLY IN HIV+ PEOPLE • ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS - AFLATOXINS • PENICILLIUM NOTATUM - FIRST PENICILLIN • PENICILLIUM ROQUEFORTI – CHEESE SOFTENING/RIPENING • CLAVICEPS PURPUREA - ERGOT OF RYE – PLANT DISEASE • ERGOTISM IN PEOPLE - ERGOT TOXIN - CONTAINS LYSERGIC ACID- • USED TO SYNTHESIZE LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE -LSD • VASOCONSTRICTION - GANGRENE, AMPUTATIONS • NEUROTRANSMISSION - SEVERE BURNING SENSATION; • HALLUCINATIONS, CONVULSIONS, DEATH • COMMON – EUROPE – MIDDLE AGES

  5. BASIDIOMYCETES • MUSHROOMS - DIPLOID HYPHAE GROWING IN SOIL • ASSEMBLE TO PUSH THROUGH SOIL; • FORM CAP UNDER WHICH BASIDIOSPORES DEVELOP • EDIBLE, BUT MUSHROOM POISONING

  6. Rhizopusnigricans– Pin-head mold SPORANGIA STOLON GERMINATING SPORE AERIAL HYPHA HYPHA ABSORBING HYPHA RHIZOID

  7. SPORANGIOSPORES IN SACS (SPORANGIA) SPORES Rhizopus nigricans

  8. ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS – CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES

  9. Penicilliumnotatum CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES

  10. Penicillium roqueforti CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES

  11. ROQUEFORT CHEESE BLUE-GREEN CONIDIOSPORES OF Penicilliumroqueforti

  12. APPRECIATE ! LIFE OF A MUSHROOM NOT ASSIGNED

  13. MYCOSES - FUNGAL INFECTIONS I. DERMATOPHYTES – FUNGI ON, IN, UNDER SKIN, HAIR, NAILS A. SUPERFICIAL - ON OUTER SURFACES SKIN, HAIR, NAILS - TROPICS – SOAP AND WATER B. CUTANEOUS - WITHIN SKIN, HAIR, NAILS - RINGWORM (TRICHOPHYTON, OTHERS) - ATHLETE’S FOOT C. SUBCUTANEOUS - INTRODUCED THROUGH SKIN (PUNCTURE WOUNDS) - SPREAD ALONG LYMPH CHANNELS

  14. FIG 39.13 CUTANEOUS MYCOSIS RINGWORM (TRICHOPHYTON) p 1009

  15. FIG 39.17 SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSIS CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS (BLACK MOLDS, PHIALOPHORA) p 1010

  16. II. SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS - INTERNAL A. HISTOPLASMOSIS - HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM DIMORPHIC MILD RESPIRATORY INFECTION - HEALTHY PEOPLE RECOVER WITHOUT KNOWING THEY HAD DISEASE ENDEMIC - OHIO RIVER VALLEY SEVERE DISEASE IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED B. COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS - COCCIDIODES IMMITIS DESERT FEVER - 95% MILD RESPIRATORY 5% TB-LIKE FEW: DISSEMINATES TOBRAIN, BONES, JOINTS, MENINGES DIMORPHIC C. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS – CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS RESPIRATORY TRACT > CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MENINGITIS - INFLAMMATION OF MENINGES D. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA – PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED

  17. Pneumocystis carinii

  18. 14 Pneumocystis cariniiPNEUMONIA

  19. III. TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC FUNGAL INFECTIONS – AMPHOTERICIN B - DISRUPTS MEMBRANE FUNCTION, TOXIC FOR PEOPLE FLUCONAZOLE - PROPHYLACTIC IN AIDS PATIENTSINHIBITS STEROL SYNTHESIS, AND THEREFORENORMAL MEMBRANE FUNCTION IV. MYCOTOXINS -   ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS– AFLATOXINS

  20. V. CANDIDIASIS - THRUSH, MONILIASIS, WHITE PATCHES OF MOUTH, TONGUE, VAGINA CANDIDA ALBICANS - NORMAL FLORA YEAST C. ALBICANS FLOURISHES: IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PEOPLE, IN NORMAL HEALTH FOLK WHEN THEIR BACTERIAL FLORA IS DESTROYED - PROLONGED ANTIBIOTIC WHICH DESTROY PROKARYOTES VAGINITIS - DIABETES, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCY DIAPER RASH TREATMENT - TOPICAL NYSTATIN - STREPTOMYCES ANTIBIOTIC, DAMAGES MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM LEAKAGE MICONAZOLE - ANTIBIOTIC, DAMAGES MEMBRANE, DISRUPTS STEROLS SYNTHESIS

  21. CANDIDA ALBICANS ORAL THRUSH

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