Warm-Up

1. Warm-Up • Start a new Table of Contents for the 4th Quarter: Vietnam through Present Day & EOG Review • No homework today for SS

2. Vietnam War: 1965-1973 What do you know about the Vietnam War? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vo-rh9C6K_g

3. THE YEAR IS 1970…ARE YOU GOING TO VIETNAM?

4. Key figures in the Vietnam War Ho Chi Minh William Westmoreland Lyndon B. Johnson American commander in South Vietnam who told people in the media that the United States was close to winning the war, even though it wasn’t President of North Vietnam who led the efforts to defeat South Vietnam and support of the South Vietnamese Vietcong President of the United States who was president during much of Vietnam War; greatly escalated the U.S. soldier involvement in the conflict

5. Key figures in the Vietnam War Richard Nixon Ngo Dinh Diem President of South Vietnam who whose corruption and harsh standards led numerous people to turn to the Vietcong President of the United States during the latter part of the Vietnam War – came up with “Vietnamization” plan

6. Vietnam in the ’50s Following World War II, the French controlled southeast Asia (known as Indochina) Ho Chi Minh formed the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) and led revolts against the French to gain independence for Vietnam By 1954, the French fell to the Viet Minh and they withdrew from Indochina, leaving Vietnam a divided country Southeast Asia (aka: French Indochina)

7. Vietnam in the ’50s The Geneva Accords are the peace agreement reached between France & the Viet Minh in 1954. The agreement divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel, and was meant to be temporary until the 1956 election would reunify the country…until then the North and South were allowed separate governments…uh oh Division of Vietnam along the 17th parallel

8. South Vietnam Problems • Ho Chi Minh was very popular in the North, while Diem had little support in the South. • Diem was disliked because: • he discriminated against the Buddhist population • he was corrupt • he refused to hold the 1956 election that would have reunited the country under communist rule. • Diem’s opponents included • South Vietnamese Communists nicknamed the Viet Cong who fought to overthrow Diem Buddhist monks burn themselves in protest against Diem’s rule

9. Who Supports Who? North Vietnam supports the Viet Cong by sending soldiers and supplies along a network of paths called the Ho Chi Minh Trail– the paths wove through the jungles and mountains of neighboring Laos & Cambodia The U.S. sends support in the form of military advisors, aid, & equipment to South Vietnam… WHY WOULD WE DO THIS?

10. Domino Theory The Domino Theory was the belief that if one country fell to communism, the other Southeast Asian nations would eventually fall to communism as well

11. U.S. Helps Overthrow Diem By 1963, Diem still refused to establish a democratic government, so with U.S. support Diem was overthrown in a military coup. Diem was killed bringing chaos to South Vietnam. Unfortunately, Kennedy was also assassinated leaving Lyndon Johnson to make the next move in Vietnam…

12. THE VIETNAM WAR

13. Ticket Out the Door With your group, analyze the 2 images your group is given. Your analysis must include the following: Image 1: First page – brief description Image 2: Second page – brief description What is the difference between the 2 images? What is the emotional impact of each image? Why do you think these photos were taken? How do you think the perspectives of people back in the United States differed from those actually fighting? Create one question for each image. Make sure all group members names are on the paper!!

14. Warm-Up • Update your Table of Contents • No homework today for SS • Watch the video footage & images of Vietnam http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpWEv9Q0XQ4

15. Gulf of Tonkin Incident In 1964, President Johnson announced that North Vietnam ships had fired on two American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin USS Maddox Johnson insisted that the North Vietnamese attack was unprovoked asked Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

16. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving President Johnson the power to use military force in Vietnam without an actual declaration of war – his policy of escalation continued to increase military involvement in Vietnam Bombing of North Vietnam and the first combat ground troops were sent in 1965

17. Operation Rolling Thunder The U.S. bombing campaign conducted against the North Vietnam from 1965 until 1968 The three-year assault was intended to get North Vietnam to stop supporting South Vietnamese Viet Cong

18. Guerrilla Warfare of the Viet Cong • Guerrilla Tactics • They used surprise attacks by small bands of fighters • They had extensive underground tunnels in which to travel and hide • They hid deadly booby traps throughout the jungle

19. Viet Cong Advantages • They were familiar with the landscape & adapted to the climate • They were very dedicated to their cause & had more support • They mixed in with the general population making it very hard to identify the enemy

20. U.S. Response • “Stripping the Jungle” to reveal and destroy Viet Cong hide outs using chemicals such as napalm and Agent Orange • Search-and-Destroy missions which eliminated entire villages in efforts to destroy any Viet Cong

21. Break for Action… • This time not only watch the video footage & images, but listen to the lyrics of the music as well • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2FEjGB0ZVU

22. Tet Offensive - 1968 • Many surprise attacks organized on U.S. military throughout South Vietnam on January 30-31, 1968 during Tet – the Vietnamese New Year • Tet was the turning point in the war and showed that the U.S. was nowhere close to winning the war

23. Credibility Gap Opposition to the Vietnam War grew in the United States after we realized the government was not being truthful about the war LIARS William Westmoreland Robert McNamara Many Americans believed a credibility gap had developed

24. My Lai Massacre March 16th, 1968 An American platoon massacred hundreds of Vietnamese civilians – they were “told” they were members of the Vietcong in a village called My Lai “It became necessary to destroy the town in order to save it” The My Lai massacre increased feelings among many Americans that the war was brutal and senseless

25. Charlie Company • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjXC3_NciIA

26. Warm-Up • Update your Table of Contents • Quiz on Vietnam next class – similar to Cold War Quiz (that some of you still need to take!) • You will also have a short presentation next class, but you will prepare for it today

27. Election of 1968 Even though Johnson changed his policy regarding the war after these incidents, refuses to run for re-election After Johnson refused to run for re-election and Bobby Kennedy was assassinated, the Democrats ended up choosing LBJ’s vice-president, Hubert Humphrey, as their presidential candidate Republicans nominate former vice-president Richard Nixon, who lost to JFK in 1960 "I shall not seek, and I will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your President." March 31, 1968

28. Election of 1968 Nixon becomes president by promising to “bring an honorable end to the war in Vietnam!”

29. Draft Lottery Begins-1969 Many Americans who were against the war believed the United States had an unfair draft system Minorities made up a large percentage of people drafted and most soldiers were under 21 years old

30. Vietnamization Vietnamization called for a gradual withdrawal of American troops as South Vietnamese took more control Even though the U.S. began cutting back its involvement in Vietnam, Nixon began secret bombing raids of Cambodia to destroy the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

31. Kent State MassacreMay 4, 1970 In April of 1970, President Nixon finally announced to the public that American troops had invaded Cambodia Anti-war protestors saw this as an escalation of the war, sparking violent protests on college campuses At Kent State University in Ohio, protestors became violent. The Ohio National Guard was called in and fired upon the student demonstrators, killing four students

32. Antiwar Movements Grow Dividing the U.S. • Those who supported the war were called Hawks • Those who opposed the war were called Doves • Nixon is still re-elected in 1972

33. U.S. pulls out of Vietnam In January of 1973, the U.S. and South Vietnam signed a peace agreement with North Vietnam & the Viet Cong TERMS OF THE AGREEMENT: 1) United States withdraws all of its people from Vietnam – DONE BY 1975 2) North Vietnam agreed not to invade South Vietnam In late 1975, North Vietnam violated the agreement and captured the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon. The war was over and the communists had won.

34. Legacies of the Vietnam War • Terrible destruction of Southeast Asia • Vietnam’s economy is in ruins • Heavy death tolls • Many Vietnamese fled to the U.S. after the country was reunited • Heavy death tolls, returning soldiers suffered many problems • Americans are less willing to get involved in overseas affairs • All volunteer military • Americans were distrustful of the government Vietnam United States

35. 26th Amendment Ratified Anger over the draft led to debates about the voting age. Demonstrators help public rallies and marches. The average age of a American soldier in Vietnam was 19. Because you had to be 21 to vote, many people called for changes in voting laws, saying that if you’re old enough to fight in war, you should be old enough to vote. President Nixon signs the 26th Amendment guaranteeing the right to vote for people over 18. In 1971, the 26th Amendment was ratified, lowered the legal voting age from 21 to 18

36. War Powers Act (1973) Law was an attempt to set limits on the power of the president during wartime Required the president to inform Congress of any commitment of troops with 48 hours without the declaration of war

37. The Pentagon Papers In 1971, a former Defense Department worker leaked what were known as the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times The documents showed how various administrations deceived Congress, the media, and the public about how the war was going The government had not been honest with the American people causing a lot of distrust

38. Antiwar Songs = Forms of Protest Example Song: All Along the Watchtower Artists: (written by Bob Dylan) performed by Jimi Hendrix Watch & Listen… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgIOsJViUaQ

39. Example of Analysis • "There must be some way out of here," said the joker to the thief,"There's too much confusion, I can't get no relief.Businessmen, they drink my wine, plowmen dig my earth,None of them along the line know what any of it is worth.""No reason to get excited," the thief, he kindly spoke,"There are many here among us who feel that life is but a joke.But you and I, we've been through that, and this is not our fate,So let us not talk falsely now, the hour is getting late."All along the watchtower, princes kept the viewWhile all the women came and went, barefoot servants, too.Outside in the cold distance a wildcat did growl,Two riders were approaching, the wind began to howl. • Who could the joker and the thief represent? • “There’s too much confusion, I can’t get no relief” – how does this describe the conditions they are in? • “There are many here among who feel life is but a joke” – some may not be taking the situation seriously, but these 2 know differently because they have been through this for a while • “So let us not talk falsely now, the hour is getting late” – could refer to knowing that they may not have much time to live so let’s not waste time with foolish things. It could also refer to the idea that the U.S. government is feeding the public lies. • …”a wildcat did growl,” …”the wind began to howl” – signify the approach of danger