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University of Copenhagen Issues in Ancient Celtic Writing Celtic Spring · 25 May 2012

University of Copenhagen Issues in Ancient Celtic Writing Celtic Spring · 25 May 2012. Prof. Dr. David Stifter Dept. of Old and Middle Irish School of Celtic Studies NUI Maynooth. I. New Directions in Celtiberian. Ancient Celtic: Celtiberian. ca. 150 B.C. – 0

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University of Copenhagen Issues in Ancient Celtic Writing Celtic Spring · 25 May 2012

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  1. University of CopenhagenIssues in Ancient Celtic WritingCeltic Spring · 25 May 2012 Prof. Dr. David Stifter Dept. of Old and Middle Irish School of Celtic Studies NUI Maynooth

  2. I. New Directions in Celtiberian New Gaulish Inscriptions

  3. Ancient Celtic: Celtiberian ca. 150 B.C. – 0 in central Spain (Ebro valley, Meseta) in semisyllabic Iberian script ca. 100, occasionally long texts

  4. Celtiberian Script Stops (occlusives) can only be written in combination with vowels. In most cases, there is no distinction in writing between voiceless and voiced stops, even though the language made this distinction, e.g.: v= t/d + u = tu or du C= k/g + o = ko or go or f= b + u = bu v= du andö= tu C= ko and G= go f= b + u = bu All other signs stand for single sounds: a = ae = ei = io = ou = u l = lr = rm = mn = n s = sz = z

  5. Celtiberian Carlos Jordán Coléra, ‘¿Sistema dual de escritura en celtibérico?’, in: Acta Palaeohispanica IX. Actas del IX Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas. Barce­lona, 20–24 de octubre de 2004. Ed. F. Beltrán Lloris, C. Jordán Cólera y J. Velaza Frías [= Palaeo­hispanica 5], Zaragoza: Institución “Fernando el Católico” 2005 1013–1030.

  6. I. Lepontic Palaeography and Philology New Gaulish Inscriptions

  7. Lepontic Script ca. 6th-1st c. B.C. for Lepontic and Cisalpine Gaulish North-Italian Lake District and Po Valley ca. 400 short texts (only few with more than two words) Lexicon Leponticum

  8. The Lepontic Script • taken over from North Etruscan • shared with Venetic and Raetic • omission of heta, qoppa, phi • alphabetic sequence (Ven. Es 23): A E V Z Θ I K L M N P Ś R S T U X O CO·53, ·54: aev

  9. Lexicon Leponticum (LexLep) http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Main_Page Celtic Research Trust (Isle of Man) Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung – Austrian Science Fund

  10. Lexicon Leponticum (LexLep) LexLep: excerpt from CO·48 Prestino

  11. LexLep: iota

  12. LexLep: alpha

  13. Graphic Isolates: qoppa NO·22 San Bernardino di Briona, ca. 500 B.C. reading: quormsklpor quormskla Francesco Rubat Borel, "Annexe 2. Nuovi dati per la storia delle lingue celtiche della Cisalpina", in: Daniele Vitali, Celtes et Gaulois. L'Archéologie face à l'Histoire, 2. La Préhistoire des Celtes. Actes de la table ronde de Bologne-Monterenzio, 28-29 mai 2005. Glux-en-Glenne [= Bibracte 12/2], Bibracte: Centre archéologique européen 2006, 203-208.

  14. Graphic Isolates: phi and gamma BG·20 San Capriate San Gervasio, late 5th c. B.C. reading: ]kiφisior ]kicrisi Alessandro Morandi, Celti d'Italia. A cura di Paola Piana Agostinetti. Tomo II: Epigrafia e lingua dei Celti d'Italia [= Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica 12.2], Roma: Spazio Tre 2004.

  15. digamma(wau) v: BG·28.2: va CO·11:]tiriṣ???v?[ CO·14: mei / va CO·24: ] ṃa[ CO·31: vạ [ CO·48: uvamokozis […] < *upm̥h2o- uvltiauiopos CO·50: ev?[ = alphabetic CO·53: aẹv [= alphabetic CO·54: ]ạev [ = alphabetic CO·62: zv ośoris = alphabetic CO·81: ]pa[ MI·12: vat NO·1: § χosioiso v TI·19: iiuioitove TI·32: ]??ṇoṿị : p̣la[ VA·4.1: amkouvi???ri VA·4.2: viχu= *u̯ikū? (Etr.) VA·4 Sesto Calende BG·28.2 Ghisalba

  16. Voice Opposition Venetic inherited no letters for voiced sounds from Etruscan, but utilised ‘empty’ letters to make a distinction in voice: • pi for /p/, phi for /b/ • kappa for /k/, chi for /g/ • tau/theta for /t/, zeta for /d/ What about Lepontic? No phi, therefore no graphic distinction of voicedness in labials.

  17. Voice Opposition χ for /g/: NM·6.1: seχeθu = /sege°/ < *seg̑h- (but CO·57-59 sekezos) NO·1: § χosioiso v = /gotsioiso/ < *g̑hosti- (but CO·48 -kozis) PV·4: eripoχios = /-bogi̯os/ < *bheg- (but NO·21.1 anokopokios, setupokios) TV·1:pompeteχuaios = /-tengu̯ai̯os/ < *tn̥g̑hu̯eh2- (Oderzo 7 = Venetic writing!) TI·13: pirạṇịχeś = /-nigents/ ‘washing’? < *nei̯gu̯-? (phps. -uiχeś = /-u̯ikents/ ‘fighting’?) χ for /k/: VA·4.2: viχu = /u̯ikū/ < *u̯ei̯k̑- (= Etruscan writing?) χfor /ɣ/: VC·1.2: arkatoko{k}materekos = /argantokomaterekos/ < *h2r̥g̑n̥to- but teuoχtonion = /dēu̯oɣdoni̯on/ < *g̑hdhom-

  18. Voice Opposition: theta? θ: CO·48: uvamokozis : plialeθu : uvltiauiopos : ariuonepos : siteś : tetu (ca. 500 B.C.) NM·6.1: seχeθu (1st half 4th c. B.C.) VA·3:]iunθanaχa (end 7th c. B.C.) (Etr.) BS·3.2: θomezecuai / obauzana θina (Augustan period, Voltino!)

  19. Voice Opposition: theta? in Venetic, theta and tau stand for /t/, zeta for /d/: θ: 1. CO·48: uvamokozis : plialeθu : uvltiauiopos : ariuonepos : siteś : tetu Etymology: siteś = *sēdn̥s‘seats’ tetu = *dedoh3e ‘has given’ or *dhedhoh1e ‘has put’ uvltiauiopos = ? plialeθu = *-edōn or *-et-ōn?

  20. Voice Opposition: theta and zeta? θ: NM·6.1: seχeθu Etymology: seχeθu < *seg̑h-edōn or *-et-ōn? zfor /d/?: CO·57-59: sekezos Etymology: sekezos < *seg̑h-edos or *-et-i̯os? or *-ed-i̯os?

  21. san David Stifter, "Lepontische Studien: Lexicon Leponticum und die Funktion von san im Lepontischen", in: Karin Stüber, Thomas Zehnder, Dieter Bachmann (Eds.), Akten des 5. Deutschsprachigen Keltologensymposiums. Zürich, 7.–10. September 2009 [= Keltische Forschungen. Allgemeine Reihe 1], Wien: Praesens Verlag 2010, 361-376. Normal form of sanin Etruscan and Venetic: = Ś2 ‘butterfly character’ = normal form attested only in MN·10.2 aśeś (lost!) oldest form in Lepontic area

  22. san6 CO·48: siteś BG·5: aś VB·2: amaśilu VR·15 kośio VA·16: akeśi

  23. san4 MI·5: ś →t MI·1: peśu → petu VB·3.1: naśom → natom or naxom

  24. san3 CO·38: ś →m NO·26: ]auśi → ]aumi? VC·1.2: atoś → atom or san1? VB·3.1: natoś (Tibiletti Bruno) → natom or naxom

  25. san2 JU·1:priś (Montmorot/Jura) TI·5: ariśai or arimai TI·7: aśui or amui (from *am- ‘to love’ or *ambi- ‘around’?) TI·9: reśu or remu (cp. Remi < *prei̯mo-)

  26. san2 VB·28 Stresa: namu esopnio namu = short form of Namantobogios ‘enemy breaker’ uel sim.

  27. The Meaning of san Venetic: <z> zeta /dz/ → /d/ Lepontic: <z> zeta → /st/ or /ts/ (CO·48 Prestino uvamokozis < *-g̑hosti-) <ś> san → /ts/ (CO·48 siteś = /-ts/? < *-ns; TI·13 piran/uiχeś= /-ts/? < *-ns; TI·25 anteśilu < *ande-ted-ti-?; cp. Ven. Es 76 nom. ve.s.ke.ś. < -et-s, beside*Es 121 dat. ve.s.kete.i.) proportion: zeta = /ts/ + /d/ san = /ts/ + X X = /d/ MI·10.1: ṃeśiọlano= Mediolanum MI·10.6: śuro= Durus? TI·41 & VB·21: aśkoneti(o) = Adgonnetius VB·27: aśouni = air. Adomnán? NO·18: aśmina = Adminius = dagr-rune

  28. The Final Phase: Latin Influence early phase late phase omikron (CO·6; TI·41) sigma (CO·6; NO·21.1) mu (TI·30; VR·1) nu (TI·30; BI·4)

  29. The Final Phase: Latin Influence VB·3.1 Ornavasso: naśom (san4) = /naksi̯om/ ‘Naxian’? or: natom (tau) ‘of the sons’ or: nax(i)om (ix!) ‘Naxian’?

  30. Enigmatic Scripts BS·3 bilingual of Voltino: GR·3 Schnabelkanne (beak-spouted jug) from Castaneda: Einfluss der camunischen Schrift? St. Schumacher, ‘Val Camonica’, in: RGA 35, 335

  31. Acknowledgements my colleagues in the Lexicon Leponticum-project: Martin Braun Chiara Dezi Michela Vignoli

  32. Thank you very muchfor your attention Prof. Dr. David StifterDept. of Old and Middle Irish School of Celtic National University of Ireland Maynooth

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