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Chapter 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources

Chapter 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources. Copy the following root words: Bar/o = pressure (barometric pressure – pressure of the air) Bell/ i = war (rebel – one who fights) Bene = good (beneficial – producing a good effect) Bi/a = two (biannual – happening twice a year)

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Chapter 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources

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  1. Chapter 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources Copy the following root words: Bar/o = pressure (barometric pressure – pressure of the air) Bell/i = war (rebel – one who fights) Bene = good (beneficial – producing a good effect) Bi/a = two (biannual – happening twice a year) Bibil/o = book (bibliography – list of books used as a resource) Blast/o = immature cell (blastula – early stage of development) Capt/cept = take (interception – to stop or interrupt) Cardi/o = heart (cardiac arrest – heart attack) Carn/I = meat (carnivore – one who eats meat)

  2. Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Renewable energy resource = can be replenished within months, years or decades. Electric Car Solar powered car. Future Car: Future Of Alternative Fuel Time: 02:46 Future Car: Bio Diesel Time: 01:34 G Word: Making It Bio-DieselTime: 01:27

  3. Nonrenewable energy resource = takes millions of years to form and accumulate.

  4. FOSSIL FUELS Include coal, oil and natural gas. COAL Formed by heat and pressure on plant material . Takes millions of years.

  5. COAL: Stages of Development Stage 1. Peat = partially decayed plant material that sometimes looks like soil.

  6. COAL: Stages of Development Stage 2. Lignite = sedimentary rock (often called “brown coal.”

  7. COAL: Stages of Development Stage 3. Bituminous coal = sedimentary rock (also called “soft coal.”

  8. COAL: Stages of Development Stage 4. Anthracite = metamorphic rock (also called “coal.”

  9. COAL • Plentiful (see map pg 95) • Surface mining scars the land • Underground mining is hazardous to health and life.

  10. COAL • Creates pollution • Damages our environment HSW: Exploring Energy: Dependence on Fossil Fuels

  11. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS • Petroleum (oil) and natural gas are made from the remains of plants and animals that were buried in ancient seas. • Fill permeable beds like sandstone and become trapped (called an “oil trap”). • OIL TRAPS must have a permanent reservoir rock and a cap rock to keep the oil and gas from escaping. (see Figure 3 pg 96) • Anticline = uparched series of sedimentary rock layers that act as oil traps. • HSW: Dirty Jobs: Drilling For Oil • Time: 05:37

  12. TAR SANDS AND OIL SHALE • TAR SANDS • mixtures of clay and sand with water and tar • oil is similar to heavy crude oil • more resistant to flow and hard to pump out • currently strip mined • takes 50% of the energy produced to make it • processing uses huge amounts of fresh water • leaves behind toxic wastes

  13. OIL SHALE • rock containing waxy mixture of hydrocarbons (kerogen) • kerogen vapor is processed and refined • ½ world’s oil shale supply is in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming • sedimentary layers accumulated at bottom of extremely large, shallow lakes 57-36 million years ago • heat energy 1/8 that of crude oil • requires large amounts of • fresh water to process • not profitable

  14. Formation of Mineral Deposits Mineral RESOURCES are deposits with minerals that can be extracted. Mineral RESERVES are deposits with minerals that can be extracted AT A PROFIT.

  15. Metallic Mineral Resources: IGNEOUS PROCESSES Largest nickel. Canada Mercury “Mine of Death.” Peru Copper smelting. China Largest GOLD nugget ever found. Australia Largest Platinum mine. South Africa Lead mining vs. environment. Russia Largest SILVER container. India

  16. Formation of precious minerals • Igneous processes: As a large body of magma cools, heavy minerals crystallize early and settle to the bottom of the magma chamber. • Hydrothermal solutions: Hot, metal-rich fluids left during late stages of movement and cooling of magma. Pg 99 Fig 6 • Placer deposits: Eroded heavy minerals settle quickly from moving water while less dense particles continue to float. Pg 99 Fig 7

  17. Nonmetallic Mineral Resources: Fertilizers Cement Graphite Talc Halite China Quartz Diamonds Gypsum Talc Marble Steel

  18. CH 4.2 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES Ultimate Alternative Energy Quiz • Solar Energy • Passive Solar Collectors = windows, glass domes, etc. • Active Solar Collectors = large black boxes covered with plastic or glass. • Voltaic Solar Collectors = photovoltaic (solar) cells can convert sun energy directly into electricity.

  19. Nuclear Energy • Radioactive materials release energy through nuclear fission. Heavy atoms like U-235 are hit with neutrons and split. • Uncontrolled fission is as strong as an atomic explosion. • Controlled fission involves moving neutron-absorbing rods into or out of a reactor. • Nuclear energy drives steam turbines that turn electrical generators.

  20. Nuclear Accident at Three Mile Island, PA - 1979 The accident began about 4:00 a.m. on March 28, 1979, when the plant experienced a failure in the main feedwater pumps which prevented the steam generators from removing heat. First the turbine, then the reactor automatically shut down. Immediately, the pressure in the nuclear portion of the plant began to increase.

  21. In order to prevent that pressure from becoming excessive, the relief valve was opened. The valve should have closed when the pressure decreased by a certain amount, but it did not. As a result, cooling water poured out of the stuck-open valve and caused the core of the reactor to overheat. Because adequate cooling was not available, the nuclear fuel and the long metal tubes which hold the nuclear fuel pellets ruptured and the fuel pellets began to melt. No nuclear material was released into the atmosphere and no one was hurt.

  22. Nuclear Accident at Chernobyl, Ukraine - 1986 On 26 April 1986 01:23:45 a.m. reactor number four at the Chernobyl plant, Ukraine, exploded. Further explosions and the resulting fire sent a plume of highly radioactive fallout into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area. Four hundred times more fallout was released than had been by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.

  23. The plume drifted over extensive parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and Northern Europe, with light nuclear rain falling as far as Ireland. Large areas in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were badly contaminated, resulting in the evacuation and resettlement of over 336,000 people. According to official post-Soviet data,about 60% of the radioactive fallout landed in Belarus.

  24. After Chernobyl… http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/04/inside-chernobyl/audio-interactive http://video.canadiancontent.net/18-consumed-a-video-from-the-zone-of-chernobyl.html

  25. Geothermal Wind 50-60 years 5-10% Lasts 10-15 years per well. Tidal Hydroelectric Localized Currently 5%

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