Chapter 4 The Atlantic World

1. Chapter 4The Atlantic World 1300’s-1800’s

2. The Age of Exploration • Age of Exploration • A time period when Europeans began to explore the rest of the world • Improvements of the time: • mapmaking • Shipbuilding • rigging • navigation Made long voyages possible

3. Why did European countries explore? • New trade routes, New trading partners • Mercantilism drives exploration What’s Mercantilism? Power = Wealth! • Policy that stated there was a limited amount of money in the world • Gold, silver • “To grab what they can before it is gone” • Export more than you import = creates a favorable balance of trade!

4. Explorers explored for many reasons • To find a sea route to the spices of Asia • Easier, faster, more goods from one place to another • Find gold, silver, and precious stones, animal furs • greed • To expand their knowledge of the world • Discovery, knowledge • To control a larger empire • power • To expand Christianity • Religious spreading “Gold, God, and Glory!”

5. from Portugal • Landed in India in 1498 • Established an important trade route from Europe • to India • and the East Indies • Vasco de Gama!

6. Ferdinand Magellan • 1519- convinced King of Spain to fund a voyage to a newly discovered ocean • Heard about from another explorer- today’s “Pacific Ocean” • Sailed southern end of South America- reached Guam • His crew completed the first circumnavigation of the world in 1525 • Magellan was killed in the Philippines in a local war

7. Magellan’s Voyage

8. Christopher Columbus • From Spain- in search for Gold • Believed he could reach the East Indies faster by traveling west • found North America instead [Bahamas, Caribbean] and claimed it Spain’s property • Wanted to turn it into individual colonies: • Definition: lands controlled by another nation.

9. He established… The Columbian Exchange! • A massive exchange of goods, plants, animals and diseases! • Exchange between New and Old Worlds

10. “Everyone wants a piece of the pie” European countries fought for power, land, resources in the New World France, England, Spain, Portugal Italy: Giovanni daVerrazzano: found N.Y. Harbor when looking for a sea route to the Pacific France: Jacques Cartier: found eat coast of Canada Samuel de Champlain: found Canada’s “New France” (Quebec) area = French colonial empire

11. King James’ of England’s explorers: • founded Jamestown Looking for gold, riches. In first year, many died of starvation Because they were not focusing on farming. • Pilgrims and Puritans: • founded Plymouth in Massachusetts Came to America for religious freedom From England’s Anglican Church

13. Struggle Turns to Conflict • England wanted more land: “Hungriest” nation • First defeated the Dutch by the Hudson River • Dispute over lands in the Ohio Valley led to a war in 1754 • This began the Seven Years’ War with France • The battle in the New World was known as the French and Indian War • British defeat French in 1763 • Seize eastern half of North America

14. Spanish Conquer! Spanish conquerors= PENINSULARES Spanish men + Native American women= “MESTIZO” population Spanish forced into work- farming, ranched, mined… =ENCOMIENDA • Abolished in 1542 • 1600’s Native American revolts

15. The Conquistadors • Spain- Explorers- made colonies in regions that today include: Mexico, S. America, U.S. • Hernan Cortes in Mexico • Landed in Aztec Empire • “disease of the hart only gold could cure” • Aztec believed him- saw him as Godlike because of his armor- gave him gold • Able to defeat the mighty Aztec Empire • Used superior weapons, allies, and disease • 96% Aztec population died from 1500-1620

16. Francisco Pizzaro • Defeated the Incan Empire in Peru, S. America • Ambushed and kidnapped the Incan ruler- Atahualpa • Alahualpa gave gold and silver for release Pizzaro strangled and killed him anyway

17. The Atlantic Slave Trade • Europeans needed slave labor in their colonies to grow crops, mine, etc. • Native Americans were used, but many died due to disease • Needed work done on sugar & tobacco farms! • Africans replaced the Natives as the main source of slave labor for the Europeans

18. Slavery existed in Africa: • BUT: had rights, social mobility, choices, some had power/authority • Why were African slaves useful in America?

19. Already exposed to European diseases- immunity Strong, good workers Experienced farming- could be taught Less likely to escape because they didn’t know the terrain Skin made them easier to catch upon escaping

20. The Atlantic Slave Trade Timeline • 1500-1600s • Spain and Portugal began the trade • Originally went their for gold but got slaves too • 1600-1700s • Slave Trade grows dramatically • 1690 • England increases the Slave Trade • 1870 • The Atlantic Slave Trade ends

21. Begins a system of “Triangular Trade” • Africa, Europe, and Americas all participate

22. Middle Passage= Slave’s transportation • Slave Ships • The captain could be a “tight” or “loose” packer • “Tight” meant slaves would be placed lying on each other • Typically 20 percent or more Africans would die on the trip • Disease, malnutrition, beatings, suicide, • Once in the New World • Slaves were auctioned of to the highest bidder

23. The Middle Passage

24. The Middle Passage

25. Atlantic Slave Trade Effects • African rulers and traders made deals with Europeans for slaves • Introduction of guns into African continent • Western African economy and empires crumbled • Slaves are transported through the “Middle Passage” • Broke up families • Lost generation’s fittest members

26. Slavery in the New World • Slave Resistance • Slaves tried to keep their cultural heritage • Musical traditions and Ancestral stories • Lost families, slaves for life, kids were slaves for life… • Slave Rebellion • Often broke tools or worked slowly • Many ran away • Numerous revolts throughout the years

27. Growth of Global Trade Economic systems of Europe drastically changed • Colonial empires that • stretched through multiple continents • led to a new business and trade practices • Capitalism • Joint-Stock Companies

29. Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources, such as money, for profit • Economic system where things are owned by people or an individual, not by a government • Profits allow individuals and businesses to become extremely wealthy, not just the government

30. What is a Joint-Stock Company? • Like today’s corporations. • A business in which a number of investors combine their wealth for a common purpose • Buy shares of stock in a company! • Early on in the 1500-1600s the purpose was colonization • Overseas colonies were very expensive, but could be very profitable • $$$$ = Land

31. Changes in European Society • Exploration and colonization led to an economic growth and boom in Europe • Spurred the growth of towns and cities • Rise of the merchant class with great wealth • European nations became very wealthy • Power monarchs increased greatly • Majority of Europeans still remained poor and rural, however