Гореликова А.П. Учитель английского языка Гимназия № 631 2014г.

1. English as a Global Language • Main world languages • English-Speaking Countries • Language families • The Indo=European Family • Western Germanic languages • Romance Languages • Slavic Languages • Exercise 1 • Some History of English Гореликова А.П. Учитель английского языка Гимназия № 631 2014г.

2. What are the main languages spoken on the main five continents of the Earth? Name some of them.

3. What languages do they speak in these countries? France Spain Portugal Germany Austria Norway Denmark Brazil Scotland Poland Italy Hungary Ireland Switzerland India Argentina Chile Japan

4. English spoken in the world as the 1st or 2nd official language

6. The English language Also considered as the most important language in the world, English is widely spoken in many countries. Currently, there are around 400 million speakers who have English as their mother tongue, and other 200 million who speak it as their second language, together making English the second most natively spoken language in the world, after Mandarin Chinese.

7. English is also widely spoken in other countries

8. Did you know? What makes English a global language today: • 1,000,000,000 people use some English every day. • 80% of the world’s computer info is in English • Half of the world’s phone calls are made in English • It is the language of Air Traffic Control in 157 countries • 75% of letters and correspondence are in English • It is the language of business and commerce - it is used as a working language by all large multinational companies • It is used in modern music and entertainment • in science and technology • Over half of the world’s newspapers are in this language.

9. The Babel Tower

10. There are more than 5000 languages in the world. Most of them belong to language families. A language family is a group of related languages that developed from a common historic ancestor, referred to as proto language (proto means 'early' in Greek). The ancestral language is usually not known directly, but it is possible to discover many of its features by applying thecomparative method that can demonstrate the family status of many languages.

13. The term Indo-European was introduced in 1816 by Franz Bopp of Germany and referred to a family of languages in Europe and Asia (including Northern India, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) that were found to have a remarkable structural relationship. It turns out that Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Old Irish, Gothic, Old Bulgarian, Old Prussian, and other languages share surprising attributes, meaning that most European languages and many of the languages of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India belong to the Indo-Europeanfamily.

15. The Indo-European family is divided into several branches or subfamilies. It consists of numerous Indo-Iranian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, and Farsi (Persian);  Greek; Baltic languages such as Lithuanian and Latvian; Celtic languages such as Breton, Welsh, and Scottish and Irish Gaelic;  Romance languages such as French, Spanish, Catalan, and Italian;  Germanic languages such as German, English, and Swedish; and  Slavic languages such as Russian, Polish and Serbian.  

16. A Germanic language Due to the fact that the history of the English language really started when Germanic tribes of Angles and Saxonsinvaded the British Isles, English belongs to the Germanic family of languages. 

18. Romance Languages and Francophonia

20. The Slavic Languages

21. Find the names that are missing:

22. English today possesses about one million words, including: • 1.The Anglo-Saxon Base • 2. Celtic Borrowings • 3. Scandinavian Borrowings • 4. French Borrowings • 5. Latin Borrowings • 6. Greek Borrowings • 7. Borrowings from other languages 1 2 3 5 6 7 4 Russian, Czech

24. Some history of English

25. Phase 1: Celtic tribes Celtic words: Thames (Tamesa), Kent, Avon, coomb, Craig

26. Phase 2: Germanic tribes Saxon words: ask, and, help, house, boat, summer see the film

27. Phase 3: Scandinavian invasions Scandinavian words: leg, skin, dog, heaven

28. Phase 4: the Norman Conquest In 1066 the Norman prince William became the first British king. He brought along the era of the French language spoken in the government, in the army and in court. French borrowings: army, parliament, court, government, pork, beef, colour, etc. see the film

29. Greek borrowings: Greek was one of the ancient languages of learning, and the Roman Empire learned much from the Greek tradition • Pre-conquest: abbot, monk, priest, apostle, devil • Through French: agony,aristocracy, enthusiasm, metaphor, • Through Latin: ambrosia, nectar, phenomenon, rhapsody • Technical terms: anatomy, barometer, microscope, homeopathy • General vocabulary: fantasy, cathedral, charismatic, idiosyncrasy • Science names:physics, psychology, geography, geology • Renaissance and after: • PHOTO- + -graph, -genic, -lysis, -kinesis • BIO- + -ology, -genesis, -metry, -scope • TELE- + -phone, -pathy, -graphic, -scopic • STEREO- + …….. CRYPTO- + . . . . . • HYDRO- + . . . . . . HYPER- + . . . . .  • HYPO- + . . . . . . NEO- + . . . . . .

30. Phase 5: Age of Great Explorations (16 c) Starting from the 16 century, British ships travelled all over the world and brought with them new exotic things, for which there were no words in the English language. So, they borrowed the object together with the word.

31. Phase 5: Age of Great Explorations and after compass Guess from what languages the following words come : chocolate bungalow coffee pajamas tea boss sputnik robot

32. Phase 6: Further expansions: the British Empire they used to say: “The sun never sets over the British Empire” The expansion of the British Empire caused the spread of English as the language of commerce practically in all the corners of the world. In many places the local population spoke their own versions of English (lingua franca) called Pidgin English and Creole. do you really think that if english is so widespread it is due to the economic, politic, scientific and military power of the USA? Or is it because english is particularly flexible, morpholologically simple and made of monosyllables (the basic vocabulary is almost entirely monosyllabic)?

33. Phase 7: Further expansions: the emergence of the USA as a world power. After World War 2 , a massive emigration to the USA and the establishment of this country as a world power contributed to the further growth of the influence of the English language in the world. Now other languages start actively borrowing from English. Today we can say that it has truly become a world language. But this does not mean, of course, that other national languages will die out.

34. Words borrowed from English today: Give examples of words borrowed from English today: • Sports (football, goal ……….. • Computers (software, ………………. • Domestic appliances (toaster, mixer, ……. • Electronics, communication (iPod, pager…. • Business and economics (broker, dealer,…. • Music and entertainment (soundtrack, rock… • Science and Technology (conveyer,……. • Other fields ………….

35. What made English so widespread: Do you really think that if English is so widespread, it is due to the economic, politic, scientific and military power of the USA? The answer is not that simple: English has become so widespread also because of itsspecific linguistic qualities: • Flexibility: English is particularly flexible (one word can serve as different parts of speech:water to drink, to water flowers, a water lily - so it is easy to use) • Grammatical simplicity: very few verb endings, no gender, no cases, simple grammar structure – compare it with another language you learn • Openness: English easily borrows words from other languages due to its simplicity and flexibility • Morpholologicalstructure: English is morpholologically simple (the basic vocabulary is almost entirely monosyllabic, or has two-syllable words, which makes it easy for foreigners to learn)