1 / 67

Chapter 5: Sexually Transmitted and Sexually Related Diseases

Chapter 5: Sexually Transmitted and Sexually Related Diseases. For use with Human Sexuality Today (4 th Ed.) Bruce King Slides prepared by: Traci Craig. What causes ST/SRD? Gonorrhea Chlamydia & NGU Syphilis Bacterial STDs Herpes Hepatitis HPV. Molluscum Contagiosum HIV/AIDS

michel
Download Presentation

Chapter 5: Sexually Transmitted and Sexually Related Diseases

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 5: Sexually Transmitted and Sexually Related Diseases For use with Human Sexuality Today (4th Ed.) Bruce King Slides prepared by: Traci Craig

  2. What causes ST/SRD? Gonorrhea Chlamydia & NGU Syphilis Bacterial STDs Herpes Hepatitis HPV Molluscum Contagiosum HIV/AIDS Parasitic Infestation Vaginitis Cystits/Prostatitis Safer Sex Getting Help Positive Sexuality Chapter Overview

  3. Not caused by sin. Not even caused by sexual behavior. Behaviormode of transmission Bacteria—small single celled organisms, RNA & DNA, reproduce themselves Viruses—protein shell around nucleic core, RNA OR DNA, cannot reproduce, invade host cells. Occurs to people of all demographic groups. ChlamydiaEpidemic in colleges What causes ST/SRDs?

  4. Sexually Related Diseases • Diseases of the sexual organs • Overgrowths of yeast or fungal organisms found naturally in the body • Can be passed during sex (also can happen for other reasons) • Infestations (pubic lice and scabies) are not diseases but are also transmitted during sexual contact.

  5. Where did they come from? • Sex with animals? Not likely, animals don’t seem to have gonorrhea or syphilis. • Mutation of bacteria & viruses. • Around for a few thousand years.

  6. Epidemics • Epidemics attributed to: • Penicillin & Antibiotics—less afraid of getting STD’s • Drop in federal funds available for prevention. • Sexual freedom gained from the birth control pill. • Shift from condom use to the pill. • Lack of education. • You can have an STD with no symptoms.

  7. Gonorrhea • Oldest STD—Old Testament 1500BC • Now less than 400,000 cases per year (under reported?) • CDC estimates 800,000 new cases this year • US rates higher than other developed nations (except Russia).

  8. Gonorrhea: Symptoms • Bacterium (gonococcus)mucous membranes • Menurethra inflammation, thick, puslike white or yellowish discharge (‘the drip’), frequent painful urination. • WomenNo symptoms early on. Abnoraml dicharge and irritation of vulva and urethra. UntreatedPID • Pregnantfetus not infected, but during delivery infant’s eyes are exposedblindness. Antibiotic or silver nitrate drops. • Adult eyes can also become infected.

  9. Gonorrhea: Diagnosis & Treatment • People w/ symptoms seek treatment. • Culture test—cotton swab of infected area • Urine testmore common today • Penicillin • 1940150,000 units • 19805,000,000 unitstetracycline • Now resistant to tetracycline too • New treatments are more expensive and often are injectable antibiotics.

  10. Chlamydia • Nongonnococcal urethritis (NGU) • Chlamydia trachomatischlamydia • 4 million new cases each year • Prevalent in teens and young adults • Higher in US than other developed countries • Lives on mucous membranes

  11. Chlamydia: Symptoms • Early symptoms 1-3 weeks after infection • Irritation and burning of the urethra and a discharge (thin and clear) • Untreated—spreads in men to the prostate and epididymis leads to sterility. WomenPIDsterility • Pregnancy: eye infection at delivery or nose-throat, or pneumonia.

  12. Chlamydia: Diagnosis and Treatment • Culture test has been replaced with urine test. • Treated with tetracycline, doxycycline, or erythromycin • No symptoms early on so seek treatment if partner has been exposed.

  13. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) • General term for an infection that goes from vagina and cervix to the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and pelvic cavity. • 1 million cases each year in the US • 1 in 7 women of reproductive age has PID • Tenderness or pain in the lower abdomen, fever and chills.

  14. PID • Long termpelvic adhesions and abscesses • Fallopian tube (diam=1 hair): scar tissue can cause ectopic pregnancy • Increases risk from early intercourse, douching, and smoking. • Barrier methods reduce risk of PID

  15. Syphilis • Causes over 100 million deaths worldwide in the 20th century (Chiappa & Forish, 1976). • Treponema pallidum  1905 • Outbreaks in 10 year cycles • South US and Urban areas • Peaked in 1990—50,578 cases • 1998—6,993 cases

  16. Syphilis: Symptoms • Can pass through any cut or scrape (not just mucous membranes) • 1st symptoms 2-4 weeks later (10-90 days) • Primary stage: ugly ulcerlike sores—chancres on the penis, cervix, lips, tongue, anus. (Women can’t see cervix) • Painless and disappears in 10-14 days

  17. Syphilis: Symptoms • Secondary Stage: 4-6 wks later • Itchless, painless, rash all over the body including palms and soles. On the genitals looks like large sores which break and ooze a highly infectious liquid • Sore throat, low grade fever, loss appetite, nausea, pains, and sometimes hair loss. • Disappear within a few weeks or a year and do not return.

  18. Syphilis: Symptoms • Latent stage: no longer contagious • Lasts for years • Bacteria attacks internal organs—heart, brain, and spinal cord • 1/3 develop serious complications enter the Late Stage • Large ulcers on skin and bones—paralysis, insanity, and/or deafness • Congenital syphilis—Pregnancy: unborn baby can contract syphilis

  19. Syphilis: Diagnosis and Treatment • Blood tests • False positives from lupus, arthritis, and flu vaccine • Penicillin G is effective • Cannot reverse damage to organs

  20. Bacterial STDs • Chancroid: small bumps on the genitals that rupture into soft, craterlike sores. • 3-14 days from infection to symptom onset • Not painful, groin area lymph nodes inflamed and swollen • 250 cases per year in the United States • Treated with antibiotics.

  21. Bacterial STDs • Granuloma inguinale • Fewer than 50 cases per year in the US • Painless pimple that ulcerates and spreads to surrounding areas • Permanently destroys the tissue and causes death if not treated • Treated with Doxycylcline and Trimethroprim-sulfame-thoxazole

  22. Bacterial STDs • Shigellosis • Contracted from exposure to feces (oral stimulation of the anus is a likely mode of transmission) • Acute diarrhea, fever, and pain. • Treated with tetracylcine or ampicillin.

  23. Herpes • Infects 1 million Americans per year • No cure. • 1 in 5 Americans over age 12. • Spread by skin to skin contact (from the infected site) • Herpes Simplex Virus Type I—Oral herpes • Herpes Simplex Virus Type II—genital herpes

  24. Herpes • Both can be transmitted to genitals from oral contact and vice versa. (autoinoculation) • Can spread via kissing • Canker sores are not herpes caused, but fever blisters and cold sores are herpes caused.

  25. Herpes: Symptoms • Prodromal Stage—tingling, burning, itching, or anestheticlike sensation on the skin. • Pain running down the buttocks and thighs. • Rash within a few hoursVesicle Stageherpes lesions • Flulike symptoms, aches, pains, headache, fever, swollen lymph nodes, painful urination, walking and sitting are also painful.

  26. Herpes: Symptoms • Crusting over stage: Sores develop scales and scab over. • Heal without scars still contagious during scab phase. • From Prodormal to Crusting over is about 16 days • Recurrent attacks can occur in some cases. These are usually less severe.

  27. Asymptomatic/Unrecognized Infections • Herpes transmission can occur even when symptoms are absent. • Many people do not know they have Herpes and never have a severe primary attack. • Herpes blisters can appear anywhere • Leading cause of infection related blindness in the US—ocular herpes

  28. Complications • Neonatal herpes—baby can catch herpes during the delivery • 4-21 days after birthDeath, permanent severe neurological problems • Eye infections, skin eruptions, damage to itnernal organs • C-section is one preventative step for mothers with herpes

  29. Herpes: Diagnosis and Treatment • Antiviral drugs can alleviate symptoms and speed healing from primary attack. • Acyclovir, valacyclovier and famciclovir—cannot cure but can prevent recurrent attacks. • Avoid stress, wash hands frequently, avoid tight fitting underwear, do not share towels/toothbrushes. • Blood test can identify the presence of antibodies to the herpes virus.

  30. Hepatitis A • Infectious Hepatitis: caused by HAV, spread via direct or indirect oral contact with contaminated feces. • Shell fish from contaminated waters. • 180,000 new cases each year in the US • Vaccination available.

  31. Hepatitis B • Serum hepatitis—transmitted via saliva, semen and vaginal secretions • Liver diseases: cancer and cirrhosis • 350 million people infected worldwide • 1 million deaths per year • Can pass to babies during pregnancy • Interferon (antiviral drug) is effect

  32. Hepatitis C • 300 million people infected world wide • 10 to 20 years with no symptoms • 1/5th develop cirrhosis • Blood-to-blood contact • Less than 20% of cases transmitted sexually • No vaccine • Treated with interferon in combination with ribavirin but only effect in 30-40% of cases.

  33. Genital Human Papillomavirus • HPV infects 24 million Americans. • 1 in 3 sexually active adults have it. • Genital warts1st symptoms 3 weeks to 8 months after contact • Irritation, itching, and or bleeding • Menwarts on penis, scrotum, anus, or within urethra • Womencervix, vaginal walls, vulva, anus • Pregnancytransmitted during delivery

  34. HPV • Cervical cancer (women) time from infection to cancer is 5 to 25 years. • Major risk factors: • Number of partners and partners’ number of partners • Male partners may have no visible symptoms. • Most infections dissappear on their own (eventually people test negative) • Removing warts is possible (doesn’t eliminate contagion. • Vaccine is still being developed.

  35. Molluscum Contagiosum • Painless growth caused by a pox virus • Spreads via direct skin-to-skin contact • 100,000 cases per year • Incubates from 2 weeks to 6 months. • Dome-shaped growths are are 1-5 mm in diameter • Look like small pimples filled with kernels of corn • Growths can be removed or will disappear on their own in 6-9 months.

  36. HIV Infection and AIDS • Human Immunodeficiency Virus—HIV • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome—AIDS • Retrovirus—reverses the normal pattern of reproduction in cells • Many different types and subtypes. • HIV has undergone extensive mutation.

  37. HIV Infection and AIDS • Virus infects helper cells and kills the cell in a day and a half. • Eventually the body cannot regenerate enough helper cells and becomes defenseless against viruses, bacteria, and other infection-causing agents.

  38. Progression of HIV • Primary HIV Infection: several weeks to a few months. Flu-like symptoms. • Immune system launches attack on the virus. • Asymptomatic HIV infection: lasts for years • Showing symptoms when helper cell count (CD4+) falls below 500 cells per cubic millimeter • Normal CD4+ counts in healthy individuals=1,000 to 1,200.

  39. Progression of HIV • Symptoms include: fatigue, headaches, appetite loss, recurrent diarrhea, loss of body weight, low-grade fever, swollen lymph nodes, colds flus, and yeast infections that linger. • This is called Symptomatic HIV Infection.

  40. Progression of HIV • When CD4+ count approahces 200 per cubic mm of blood • Opportunistic infections • Lymphomas, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, Pulmonary tuberculosis, cryptococcal meningitis, wasting syndrome, invasive cervical cancer. • HIV-associated dementia

  41. AIDS • When CD4+ cell count drops to 200 CD4+ per cubic mm of blood or less even without opportunistic infectionAIDS • Viral load (HIV RNA) is the best predictor of progression. • Without treatment survival after AIDS is about 1 year. • Drug therapies work to lower viral load. • HIV infected peoplemedian survival time 12.1 years

  42. HIV Transmission • Not via casual contact • 1—sexual contact with an infected person • 2—exposure to infected blood (needles) • 3—mother-to-infant transmission

  43. HIV Transmission: Sexual Contact • Within 60 days of infection and during syptomatic HIV and AIDS stages risk is highest. • Sex involving blood (i.e., anal sex) and open sores increase risk.

  44. HIV Transmission: Needle Sharing • Sharing needles during drug use • Blood transfusion • Today only 1 in 677,000 units are likely to be infected • If infection was recent the tests of the blood are not able to identify it. • Not by GIVING blood.

  45. HIV Transmission: Mother—Child • Likely when viral load is high late in pregnancy • Breast feeding—rate of transmission 16% • Children develop symptoms by 6 months • By 1 year of age—25% have AIDS

  46. HIV: Pandemic • 16,000 new infections a day • 36.1 million people living with HIV • 3 million people die every year Number of adults and children living with HIV/AIDS at the start of 2001.

  47. HIV: Population? • Heterosexual transmission accounts for the largest percentage of AIDS cases. In the US, heterosexual contact and intravenous drug users are still the primary mode of transmission.

  48. Testing for HIV • Antibody test of the blood • Recent flu vaccinefalse positive • Several months to produce antibodies • Newer less accurate tests use urine or saliva

  49. HIV/AIDS: Treatment • Antiretroviral drugs—slow progression • Newest drugs are protease inhibitors that block the enzyme required for late stage HIV replication.

  50. AIDS: Public Reactions • Stigmatizes those who are infected. • Public reports feelings of anger, disgust or fear and 1/3 would want segregation. • Homes have been burned—hemophiliac children infected via transfusion • Educating the public • Needle exchanges and Sex Education

More Related