US unprepared for war. Failed invasion into Canada. Blockade hurt US economy…

1. WAR OF 1812 • US unprepared for war. • Failed invasion into Canada. • Blockade hurt US economy…

2. The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813 • US military victory led by General William H. Harrison • Tecumseh was killed during this battle

4. Naval Battles • The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war • After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” • Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat • US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812

7. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WAR OF 1812 Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the British destroyed it. Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

8. highlights HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WAR OF 1812 U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

9. Battle of Fort McHenry,1814 Oh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key

10. BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS • 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase. • 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

12. BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS • Considered greatest U.S. victory to that time • Defeated British’s best without help from any country • Countries gained respect for the U.S. after this battle. • Kept Louisiana Purchase under the control of the U.S.

13. The Treaty of Ghent • War of 1812 is considered a “stalemate”…Dec. 1814 • Peace commissioners in Ghent devised the following terms of peace • A halt to the fighting • The return of all conquered territory to the prewar borders • Recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States • Treaty was ratified by the Senate

14. H A R T F O R D C O N V E N T I O N • Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems: • U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy • Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade around the Atlantic coastline of US • New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the war • Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England

15. H A R T F O R D C O N V E N T I O N • Resolutions adopted by the convention resemble a modern day political platform: • Constitutional amendments lessening the powers of Congress • restoring Federalist influence by a minority veto • 2/3’s vote before an embargo, new western states could be admitted and war could be declared. • Abolish 3/5 clause, limit presidents to one term, prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state

16. The War’s Legacy • U.S. gained the respect of other nations • U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a part of the British Empire • The Federalist party came to an end as a national force • Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a precedent that would later be used by the South • Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Europe

17. The War’s Legacy • Native Americans in the West were forced to surrender large areas of land and move west. • More U.S. factories were built • War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would eventually become Presidents. • Growth of American nationalism • Enter a time period in our history called the “Era of Good Feelings”

18. OUTCOMES OF WAR OF 1812 The War of 1812 won new respect for America among many British. Michael Scott, a young lieutenant in the British navy wrote, “I don’t like Americans; I never did, and never shall like them…..I have no wish to eat with them, drink with them, deal with, or consort with them in any way; but let me tell the whole truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an enemy so brave, determined and alert, and in every way so worthy on one’s steel, as they have always proved.

19. MONROE'S PRESIDENCY 1. Served two terms: 1817 to 1825 • Called the Era of Good Feelings 2. Unite the nation---1816---”promote nationalism” • American System --- link the country together • Expansion of US • Rush/Bagot Treaty • Adams/Onis Treaty or Florida Purchase Treaty 3. Self Defense Doctrine:Monroe Doctrine, 1823 4. Sectional differences • Missouri Compromise---1821 “National oneness” = Nationalism

20. JAMES MONROE 1817 TO 1825 • UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL • Born in Virginia in 1758, • Attended the College of William and Mary, • Fought with Continental Army • Practiced law in Virginia. • Elected United States Senator • Helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. • Elected President in 1816 and served from 1817 to 1825. • Era of Good Feelings President James Monroe

21. AMERICAN SYSTEM Henry Clay’s American System • Congress’s attempt to unite the US • National transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers. • 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation--- • Provide economic growth • Americans buying American goods • American self-sufficiency. • Protective Tariff to promote infant industry • Tariff of 1816 • 2nd BUS to promote a stronger economy • Rechartered in 1816

22. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 1817 TO 1825 • Spirit of Nationalism in US • patriotism or national oneness • Country is united, confident, and growing • 1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13. • One political party---Republican party • Respect from Europe • Monroe first president to visit all states. • Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good Feelings” had began. • But, time period was not free of problems.

23. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS • Cultural Nationalism • Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism • Economic Nationalism • Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy--------AMERICAN SYSTEM • Political Nationalism • Movement to bring about the support for national government is over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states.

24. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS • National Transportation system • Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal improvements to unite the US • the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811. • 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation • 1850 to 1860 the railroad is added • The Land Act of 1820 • gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; • the West demanded transportation.

25. The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the West demanded transportation

26. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS The Panic of 1819 • Largely the fault of the Second Bank of the United States’ tightening of credit in an effort to control inflation • Many state banks closed • The value of money fell • There were large increases in unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt • Depression was most severe in the West • The economic crisis changed many Western voters’ political outlook

27. Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and the infant industry…. • Because of the British blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for internal transportation improvements.

28. Reasons for Westward Movement • Population shift from the east to the West • Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands • Land easy to obtain • Economic pressures • Improved transportation • Immigration

29. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS New Questions and Issues • Greatest importance to western states were: • “Cheap money” (easy credit) from state banks rather than from the Bank of the United States • Land made available at low prices by the government • Improved transportation • Westerners could not agree whether to permit slavery or exclude it

30. Westward Expansion • Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18) • Treaty with Great Britain • Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years • the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel • US agreed to cede land above 49th parallel • GB agreed to cede land below 49th parallel

32. 49th Parallel Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1818 with Great Britain Agreed to joint occupation

33. Westward Expansion • Florida Becomes Part of US • After War of 1812, Spain had difficulty governing Florida • Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border • President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders • Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs • Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor

34. Westward Expansion • Adams-Onis Treaty (1818) • Spain turned over • western Florida along with all to the east • Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S. • US agreed • to pay $5 million to Spain • to give up any territorial claims to Texas

35. 49th Parallel Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1818 with Great Britain Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 with Spain Texas

36. Map expansion

37. SECTIONALISM U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with each trying to promote their self-interest. • SOUTH • Cotton-growingJohn C. Calhoun • _______________ • Opposed tariffs and government spending on American System • Increasingly supportive of states’ rights • Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it. • WEST • Frontier agricultureHenry Clay • ______________ • Supported internal improvements and American System. • Wanted cheap land • Loyal to the U.S. Govt. • Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue • NORTHEAST • Business and ManufacturingDaniel Webster_______________ • Wanted Tariffs • Backed internal improvements • End to cheap public land • Increasingly nationalistic • Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it. EconomyLeader ____________ Role ofGovernment

38. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES • NORTHEAST • Business and ManufacturingDaniel Webster____________ • Wanted Tariffs • Backed internal improvements • Wanted end to cheap public land • Increasingly nationalistic • Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it. EconomyLeader __________ Role ofGovernment

39. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES • SOUTH • Cotton growing • John C. Calhoun • _____________ • Opposed tariffs and government spending on American System • Increasingly supportive of states’ rights • Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it. EconomyLeader __________ Role ofGovernment

40. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES • WEST • Frontier agriculture • Henry Clay • _____________ • Supported internal improvements • Wanted cheap land • Loyal to the U.S. Govt. • Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue EconomyLeader __________ Role ofGovernment

41. MISSOURI COMPROMISE In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood • Threatened balance of power in Congress • 11 free states • 11 slave states • The Tallmadge amendment • prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri • All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25. • Passed by the House, not in the Senate. • The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate.

42. MISSOURI COMPROMISE After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise • Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state • Maine was to be admitted as a free state • In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

44. MISSOURI COMPROMISE • In 1819, Missouri became the first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood • Threatened the balance of power in Congress • 11 free states • 11 slave states • After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise • Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state • Maine was to be admitted as a free state • In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

45. JOHN MARSHALL • Born in Virginia, 1755 • Served as an officer with General Washington during the Revolution • Attended College of William and Mary and became a practicing attorney. • 2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson. • Marshall became a committed Federalist where his court decisions would reflect the need for a strong national government over the states. • Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist party died out.

46. JOHN MARSHALL • Evolves As A Federalist • US troops suffer at Valley Forge • Need a strong govt. to tax which AOC could not • Merchants refused to pay debts to British • Need strong to govt. to demand obedience AOC could not 3. Shay’s Rebellion “mobocracy” • Need a strong govt. to maintain order AOC could not

47. Marshall Evolves As A Federalist 4. French Revolution • Importance of US Govt to maintain order • Controversial: Neutrality/Whiskey Rebellion • Individuals should respect the office of the presidency even if one disagrees with decisions • 6. XYZ Affair • US Govt needed to be powerful enough to command respect from other nations. 7. Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions • States not the final authority over law but SC 8. Appointed as Chief Justice • Increase powers of SC and national govt. 9. Republicans took control of US Congress. • As chief justice, implements Federalist principles.

48. MARSHALL'S DECISIONS JUDICIAL AUTHORITY Supreme Court has the power to declare a law unconstitutional with the principle of judicial review. NATIONALISM The National Government is over the states. PROPERTY RIGHTS Private property is sacred and contracts legal.

49. MARSHALL'S DECISIONS • Marbury vs. Madison, 1803 • Case: William Marbury, a Federalist and a “midnight appointment” of President Adams, did not receive his commission from Sec. of State, James Madison. Marbury asked the SC to issue a “writ of mandamus” forcing Madison to deliver his commission. • Decision/Reason: Marshall dismissed suit, but in doing so struck down part of Judiciary Act of 1789 because SC had no authority to give Marbury his commission. • Significance: Established precedent of “judicial review”and the Supreme Court, not states had power to declare laws of Congress unconstitutional.

50. MARBURY VS MADISON • Prior to this case, the Supreme Court had been the weakest of the three branches of government. • Earlier, the belief was the states could nullify a law • 1803, the Supreme Court established its role as the final arbitrator (authority) of the meaning of the Constitution and its position of equality. • By setting a precedent for judicial reviewor the Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional not the states or Congress. • It also “sent the message” that the National Government is the last authority thus reinforcing Marshall’s belief in a strong central government over the states.