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Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)

Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: [RFID Interest Group Opening Introduction] Date Submitted: [13 November 2007] Source: [Mike McInnis] Company [The Boeing Company]

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Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)

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  1. Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: [RFID Interest Group Opening Introduction] Date Submitted: [13 November 2007] Source: [Mike McInnis] Company [The Boeing Company] Address [P.O. Box 3707, MC 7M-CA, Seattle, WA 98124-2207, USA.] Voice:[] E-Mail:[michael.d.mcinnis@boeing.com] Re : [] Abstract:[Description of RFID-IG November 2007 meeting proceedings ] Purpose:[Introductory opening message to the RFID-IG meeting attendees] Notice :This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release:The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15. Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  2. RFID-IG 1st Meeting, Atlanta, GA Opening Introduction Tuesday Nov. 13, 2007 Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  3. Tuesday, 13 Nov 200708:00-10:00 • Call meeting to order • Selection of Temporary Secretary for IG-RFID • Attendance Reminder • Miscellaneous Announcements • Review of IEEE 802 Patent Policies and Procedures on Intellectual Property. • Approval of Agenda • What Happened ? • RFID General Overview • 2.4 GHz Band Passive Tags • Purpose of RFID Interest Group • Should RFID and Energy Harvesting go together? • Presentations • Discussion • Next Steps • Seek Study Group Status ? • Close Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  4. Instructions for the WG Chair The IEEE-SA strongly recommends that at each WG meeting the chair or a designee: • Show slides #1 through #5 of this presentation • Advise the WG attendees that: • The IEEE’s patent policy is consistent with the ANSI patent policy and is described in Clause 6 of the IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws; • Early identification of patent claims which may be essential for the use of standards under development is encouraged; • There may be Essential Patent Claims of which the IEEE is not aware. Additionally, neither the IEEE, the WG, nor the WG chair can ensure the accuracy or completeness of any assurance or whether any such assurance is, in fact, of a Patent Claim that is essential for the use of the standard under development. • Instruct the WG Secretary to record in the minutes of the relevant WG meeting: • That the foregoing information was provided and the five slides were shown; • That the chair or designee provided an opportunity for participants to identify patent claim(s)/patent application claim(s) and/or the holder of patent claim(s)/patent application claim(s) that the participant believes may be essential for the use of that standard; • Any responses that were given, specifically the patent claim(s)/patent application claim(s) and/or the holder of the patent claim(s)/patent application claim(s) that were identified (if any) and by whom. • It is recommended that the WG chair review the guidance in the Standards Companion on inclusion of potential Essential Patent Claims by normative reference.Note: WG includes Working Groups, Task Groups, and other standards-developing committees. Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company (Optional to be shown)

  5. Highlights of the IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws on Patents in Standards • Participants have a duty to tell the IEEE if they know (based on personal awareness) of potentially Essential Patent Claims they or their employer own • Participants are encouraged to tell the IEEE if they know of potentially Essential Patent Claims owned by others • This encouragement is particularly strong as the third party may not be a participant in the standards process • Working Group required to request assurance • Early assurance is encouraged • Terms of assurance shall be either: • Reasonable and nondiscriminatory, with or without monetary compensation; or, • A statement of non-assertion of patent rights • Assurances • Shall be provided on the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved LOA form • May optionally include not-to-exceed rates, terms, and conditions • Shall not be circumvented through sale or transfer of patents • Shall be brought to the attention of any future assignees or transferees • Shall apply to Affiliates unless explicitly excluded • Are irrevocable once submitted and accepted • Shall be supplemented if Submitter becomes aware of other potential Essential Patent Claims • A “Blanket Letter of Assurance” may be provided at the option of the patent holder • A patent holder has no duty to perform a patent search • Full policy available at http://standards.ieee.org/guides/bylaws/sect6-7.html#6 Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company Slide #1

  6. IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws on Patents in Standards 6.2 Policy IEEE standards may be drafted in terms that include the use of Essential Patent Claims. If the IEEE receives notice that a [Proposed] IEEE Standard may require the use of a potential Essential Patent Claim, the IEEE shall request licensing assurance, on the IEEE Standards Board approved Letter of Assurance form, from the patent holder or patent applicant. The IEEE shall request this assurance without coercion. The Submitter of the Letter of Assurance may, after Reasonable and Good Faith Inquiry, indicate it is not aware of any Patent Claims that the Submitter may own, control, or have the ability to license that might be or become Essential Patent Claims. If the patent holder or patent applicant provides an assurance, it should do so as soon as reasonably feasible in the standards development process. This assurance shall be provided prior to the Standards Board’s approval of the standard. This assurance shall be provided prior to a reaffirmation if the IEEE receives notice of a potential Essential Patent Claim after the standard’s approval or a prior reaffirmation. An asserted potential Essential Patent Claim for which an assurance cannot be obtained (e.g., a Letter of Assurance is not provided or the Letter of Assurance indicates that assurance is not being provided) shall be referred to the Patent Committee. A Letter of Assurance shall be either: a) A general disclaimer to the effect that the Submitter without conditions will not enforce any present or future Essential Patent Claims against any person or entity making, using, selling, offering to sell, importing, distributing, or implementing a compliant implementation of the standard; or b) A statement that a license for a compliant implementation of the standard will be made available to an unrestricted number of applicants on a worldwide basis without compensation or under reasonable rates, with reasonable terms and conditions that are demonstrably free of any unfair discrimination. At its sole option, the Submitter may provide with its assurance any of the following: (i) a not-to-exceed license fee or rate commitment, (ii) a sample license agreement, or (iii) one or more material licensing terms. Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company Slide #2

  7. IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws on Patents in Standards Copies of an Accepted LOA may be provided to the working group, but shall not be discussed, at any standards working group meeting. The Submitter and all Affiliates (other than those Affiliates excluded in a Letter of Assurance) shall not assign or otherwise transfer any rights in any Essential Patent Claims that are the subject of such Letter of Assurance that they hold, control, or have the ability to license with the intent of circumventing or negating any of the representations and commitments made in such Letter of Assurance. The Submitter of a Letter of Assurance shall agree (a) to provide notice of a Letter of Assurance either through a Statement of Encumbrance or by binding any assignee or transferee to the terms of such Letter of Assurance; and (b) to require its assignee or transferee to (i) agree to similarly provide such notice and (ii) to bind its assignees or transferees to agree to provide such notice as described in (a) and (b). This assurance shall apply to the Submitter and its Affiliates except those Affiliates the Submitter specifically excludes on the relevant Letter of Assurance. If, after providing a Letter of Assurance to the IEEE, the Submitter becomes aware of additional Patent Claim(s) not already covered by an existing Letter of Assurance that are owned, controlled, or licensable by the Submitter that may be or become Essential Patent Claim(s) for the same IEEE Standard but are not the subject of an existing Letter of Assurance, then such Submitter shall submit a Letter of Assurance stating its position regarding enforcement or licensing of such Patent Claims. For the purposes of this commitment, the Submitter is deemed to be aware if any of the following individuals who are from, employed by, or otherwise represent the Submitter have personal knowledge of additional potential Essential Patent Claims, owned or controlled by the Submitter, related to a [Proposed] IEEE Standard and not already the subject of a previously submitted Letter of Assurance: (a) past or present participants in the development of the [Proposed] IEEE Standard, or (b) the individual executing the previously submitted Letter of Assurance. Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company Slide #3

  8. IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws on Patents in Standards The assurance is irrevocable once submitted and accepted and shall apply, at a minimum, from the date of the standard's approval to the date of the standard's withdrawal. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those Patent Claims, or for determining whether any licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Nothing in this policy shall be interpreted as giving rise to a duty to conduct a patent search. No license is implied by the submission of a Letter of Assurance. In order for IEEE’s patent policy to function efficiently, individuals participating in the standards development process: (a) shall inform the IEEE (or cause the IEEE to be informed) of the holder of any potential Essential Patent Claims of which they are personally aware and that are not already the subject of an existing Letter of Assurance, owned or controlled by the participant or the entity the participant is from, employed by, or otherwise represents; and (b) should inform the IEEE (or cause the IEEE to be informed) of any other holders of such potential Essential Patent Claims that are not already the subject of an existing Letter of Assurance. Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company Slide #4

  9. Other Guidelines for IEEE WG Meetings • All IEEE-SA standards meetings shall be conducted in compliance with all applicable laws, including antitrust and competition laws. • Don’t discuss the interpretation, validity, or essentiality of patents/patent claims. • Don’t discuss specific license rates, terms, or conditions. • Relative costs, including licensing costs of essential patent claims, of different technical approaches may be discussed in standards development meetings. • Technical considerations remain primary focus • Don’t discuss fixing product prices, allocation of customers, or dividing sales markets. • Don’t discuss the status or substance of ongoing or threatened litigation. • Don’t be silent if inappropriate topics are discussed… do formally object. --------------------------------------------------------------- If you have questions, contact the IEEE-SA Standards Board Patent Committee Administrator at patcom@ieee.org or visit http://standards.ieee.org/board/pat/index.html See IEEE-SA Standards Board Operations Manual, clause 5.3.10 and “Promoting Competition and Innovation: What You Need to Know about the IEEE Standards Association's Antitrust and Competition Policy” for more details. This slide set is available at http://standards.ieee.org/board/pat/pat-slideset.ppt Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company Slide #5

  10. What Happened? 15-07-0875-00-2ng0-wng-minutes-from-waikoloa-sep20.doc Monday, 17 September 2007 Presentation from Richard Paine, Boeing, on RFID wireless standards requirements (15-07-0838-00-wng0-Wireless_Application_Group_(WAG)_RFID_IEEE802.15_9-16-07.ppt) Questions: • Comment: TG4d is looking at 950 MHz band potential for 802.15.4 • Is 15.4 used in a passive mode? No, 15.4 is an active tag. • Message out to other groups? Yes WG chair can send releases to • Straw polls: • Support for forming an Interest group within 802.15 on defining Phy and MAC protocol for RFID passive tags • Vote was taken with results of 14/0/29 • Questions from abstains: • Is passive within scope? Any WG can initiate an IG and generate a PAR but the EC reserves the right to decide where the effort will continue • Are we duplicating EPC global? They would welcome a Phy/MAC spec that meets global requirements. • What about active tags? They are readily available using 802.15.4. • Could 802.11 be used for active RFID? Not cost effective yet. Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  11. RFID General Overview • The concepts supporting Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have been around for about 70 years (1). • There are two types of tags, active with an on board power source, and passive with no on board power source (1). • The RFID tags contain an antenna attached to a chip on a flexible substrate and use a communications protocol to respond to an interrogator (reader). All of the power to operate the chip on a passive tag is derived from a continuous wave (CW) supplied by the reader along with the commands or primitives from the reader to the tag. The tag responses to the reader are likewise communications primitives (1). • 70, maybe 80, types of RFID tags exist today. Each one is customized for a particular set of applications for which it does a great job. None of them talk to another. (2) Selecting any one of these tags for multiple applications means balancing compromises (2). • The notable IPCglobal Class 1 Gen 2 protocol from EPCglobal is being standardized as an ISO protocol under ISO18000 – Part 6C UHF passive RFID standard which are significantly different and more complex than ISO18000 – Part 7 UHF active (battery powered) RFID standard (1). • The more complicated the primitives (instructions), the more power required on the chip to interrogate commands and to save intermediate states (1). • There are several alternatives to implement the set of commands and responses to support communication between interrogator and tag. Some of these protocols are the ANSI 256 and ISO 18000 Part 7 active standards, the proposed ISO 18185 Part 1 RFID container seal standard recently standardized as the ISO 18000 Part 6C passive standard. These standards are for ultra high frequency (UHF) tags (1). References: 1) IEEE Applications and Practice online Magazine Vol. I, No. I, April 2007; “The Unwinding Of A Protocol” by Dontharaju, Tung, Jones, Mats, Panuski, Cain, and Mickle; 2) http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/020003.html Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  12. 2.4 GHz Band Passive Tags • According to paper “Bluetooth/802.11 Protocol Adaptation for RFID Tags” by Raj Bridgelall A growing number of RFID systems have also been designed for operation within the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency bands. hybrid backscatter-based RFID tags can co-exist in an 802.11 or Bluetooth infrastructure. IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth protocol compatible RFID tags retain the frame structures and channel access mechanisms but add the capability of backscatter radiation and ASK carrier modulation to the RF front-end. • Reference URL: http://www2.ing.unipi.it/ew2002/proceedings/001.pdf • An example of a 2.4 GHz passive tag and scanner product can be found at URL http://www.rf-id.com/4rfid2.4/rfid2-4tag.htm Read range of these tags is up to 1.25 m (4.1ft) using unlicensed 2.4 GHz scanner, an increased read range of up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) is available. Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  13. Purpose of RFID Interest Group Determine whether there is sufficient interest in creating an RFID Study Group for the purpose of developing an 802.15 PAR and 5 Criteria. In Monday afternoon’s 802.15 WNG meeting Pat Kinney suggested that RFID and Wireless Energy Harvesting could be related. • What do you think? Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  14. Tuesday, 13 Nov 200708:00-10:00 • Presentations • Tutorial IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 • Richard Paine • Discussion • Next Steps • Close Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  15. Thursday, 15 Nov 200713:00-15:30 • Call meeting to order • Selection of Temporary Secretary for IG-RFID • Attendance Reminder • Miscellaneous Announcements • Review of IEEE 802 Patent Policies and Procedures on Intellectual Property. • Approval of Agenda • Discussion with Bob Heile • General Overview • EPCglobal (ISO 18000) Overview • Discussion • Next Steps • Seek Study Group Status ? • Close Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  16. General Overview • There are currently two main types of RFID tags in the market • Passive with no on-board power source • Active with an on-board power source (battery) • Passive RFID tags contain an antenna attached to a chip on a flexible substrate and use a communications protocol to respond to an interrogator (reader). • All the power to operate the chip on a passive tag is derived from a continuous wave (CW) supplied by an interrogator (reader) along with the commands or primitives from the reader to the tag. Tag responses to the reader are likewise communications primitives. • It is estimated that there are close to 100 proprietary protocol passive tag types on the market. • There are many active tags makes and models in the market which utilize IEEE 802.11 b/g. • There are a few active tag makes and models in the market which utilize proprietary UWB (non-IEEE 802.15.4a). Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  17. EPCglobal/ISO 18000 Overview EPCglobal Class 1 Gen 2 protocol is being standardized as an ISO 18000 Part 6C standard • Part 6C (passive) operates in the 860-960 MHz band • Double-side-band amplitude shift keying (DSB-ASK) • Single-side-band ASK (SSB-ASK) • Phase Reversal ASK (PR-ASK) • In addition to using a pulse interval encoding format. • An interrogator transmits information to a tag by modulating an RF signal. • The tag receives its operating energy from this modulated RF waveform. • To receive information from a tag, the interrogator transmits an un-modulated RF signal to the tang and listens for a backscattered reply. • The tag responds by modulating the amplitude or phase of the RF signal. • Interrogators and tags use a half duplex communications link. • Part 7 (active) operates in the UHF band at 433.92 MHz. • FSK • Modulation rate of 27.7 kHz • A 30 kHz wake up signal is transmitted by the interrogator for a minimum of 2.5 seconds to wake up all tags within communication range. The interrogator always initiates communication with the tag and subsequently listens for a response. Source: IEEE Applications & Practice, April 2007, “THE UNWINDING OF A PROTOCOL” IEEE A&P is published quarterly as an insert in IEEE Communications Magazine. Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  18. Discussion • Some open issues remaining in the RFID domain are the existence of multiple standards, handling of stored data, tag orientation, reader collision, range, cost, low energy consumption (example battery life or energy harvesting), and security concerns. • Could skinny IEEE 802 MAC and PHY standards bridge a gap between passive tags, active tags, and sensors utilizing the frequency bands in which we operate? Is there a need for this? • Could skinny IEEE 802 MAC and PHY standards provide ultra-low energy consumption products? Is there a need for this? (i.e. Nokia WiBree adoption by Bluetooth) • Could skinny IEEE 802 MAC and PHY ultra-low energy consumption passive tags, active tags, and sensor products communicate (either directly or bridged) with networked IEEE 802 devices? Is there a need for this? Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  19. Further Discussion • Next Steps • Form a Study Group? • Close Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  20. RFID Study Group Proposal • There is a project opportunity for a Study Group to develop a PAR and 5 Criteria for a draft standard for a PHY and MAC targeting RFID ultra-low energy tag and sensor applications. • This is not addressed elsewhere, such as in EPCglobal and ISO 18000. Specific problem areas include; ambiguous radio definitions, lack of co-existence, and insufficient security. The management of EPCglobal is supportive of having a wireless standard which addresses these issues and is more specifically defined such as in IEEE 802 wireless standards. • The Study Group will define the required co-ordination needed with groups such as the IEEE, the EPCglobal group, and ISO/IEC 18000, and others(?). Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

  21. Motion to 802.15 Working Group • Move that 802.15 WG seek approval to form a Study Group to develop a PAR and 5 Criteria for a draft standard for a PHY and MAC targeting RFID ultra-low energy tag and sensor applications. • Moved: Mike McInnis • Seconded: Mike McInnis, The Boeing Company

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