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History 11

History 11. End of the Byzantine/Rise of Russia. Decline. After the great schism (1054), the Byzantine empire was declining. The constant wars were catching up with the empire.

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History 11

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  1. History 11 End of the Byzantine/Rise of Russia

  2. Decline • After the great schism (1054), the Byzantine empire was declining. The constant wars were catching up with the empire. • Powerful local lords started to emerge and gain control of large areas. This created problems internally. The peasants were no longer a dominate force.

  3. Seljuks • The nomadic people of Asia minor called the Seljuks had converted to Islam. One unique aspect of Islam that is similar to Christianity is the need to convert others. When the Seljuks migrated they took Islam into the Byzantine empire. They made up the Ottoman Turks as well.

  4. 4th Crusade Impact • This leads to the 4th crusade. In the 1204 the emperor asked for help from their western Christian brothers. The routes to Jerusalem had been cut off and the Byzantine wanted help getting it back. But the pope turns on them. • The 4th crusade was about trade. Venice wanted to control the trade of Constantinople Western Christians sacked and took it. After that Venice stole all the trade from them.

  5. Ottoman Take Over • In 1453, the Ottoman Empire surrounded the city and laid siege. After 2 months they broke down the walls. • The Ottoman Turks were Muslim. They took over the ancient Christian city and renamed it Istanbul. They turned Hagia Sophia into a Muslim Mosque. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oH-E9uH1nYs

  6. Ottoman Take Over • The fall of the Byzantine Empire signified the complete end of the Roman Empire. It was also a large attack on Christendom. • Many Popes and many different people have desired to start crusades to regain the ancient Christian city but nothing ever happened. Istanbul emerged as a great center of Muslim culture.

  7. Origins of the Ottoman Empire After Muhammad’s death in 632 A.D., Muslim faith & power spread throughout Middle East

  8. Islam Map

  9. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

  10. By 1215, foreign invaders (Mongols from eastern Asia) took over the lands of the Muslim empire • Islam’s power in the Middle East started to decline

  11. Mongol Map

  12. Where did the Ottomans come from? • Name came from “Osman,” a leader of a western Anatolian nomadic group who began expansionistic moves in the 14th century. • Gradually these nomads took over Anatolia and became the border between Islam and Byzantine Christian

  13. ORIGINS of the Ottoman Empire • It was one of the largest & longest lasting empires in history • It was an empire supported & inspired by Islam • It replaced the Byzantine Empire (former Roman Empire) as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean.

  14. Religion • Founded on the principles of Islam • United by Islamic beliefs • Churches were converted into mosques • Tolerant of other religions, especially Christians and Jews • Encouraged loyalty from other religious faith groups

  15. Sultan Mehmet II (1451-1481) • Was one of the greatest Sultans • Called the Fatih (the Conqueror) • During his rule all of Turkey/Anatolia was brought under his control and the Byzantine Empire was defeated

  16. The Conquest of Constantinople = the Imperial phase of the Ottomans • Constantinople was renamed Istanbul • Mehmet II cleaned up the city and began many building mosques, markets, water fountains, baths, and other public facilities

  17. The Sultan’s Bedchamber

  18. Topkapi Palace

  19. Hamam

  20. Mosque in Istanbul

  21. Mehmet II encouraged people to move to Istanbul • Bribed people from the Ottoman territories with homes and jobs The Grand Bazzar

  22. Many Jewish people, who were cruelly oppressed in Western Europe (aka Reconquista), moved to Istanbul and found Turkey to be a “haven” = a mass migration of Jewish people soon followed

  23. For the next 200 years the Ottomans will be a significant power in the Middle East • The Empire will continually expand

  24. Suleiman • Ruled from 1520-1566 • Made Ottoman Empire the richest & most powerful empire in Europe and Southwest Asia at the time

  25. Suleiman the “Lawgiver” • Sultanic law codes • Reformed the government • Balanced the budget • Reinforced Islamic law

  26. Suleiman the “Magnificent” • Grandeur of his court • Built palaces, mosques, schools, libraries, hospitals, roads, bridges, etc. • Cultural explosion (pax Ottomanica) – literary, artistic, and scientific achievements • Pasha Sinan – Suleiman’s Architect

  27. Expansion • Suleiman believed that the entire world was his possession as a gift of God. • Vast amounts of Islamic territories were annexed or invaded. • Very strong military • Expert in developing gunpowder as a military tool

  28. “Blue” Mosque

  29. Bridge on the Drina (Bosnia)

  30. Mostar, BH

  31. Conversion to Islam • Millet system (non-Muslims formed small communities and were allowed to keep their faith (Jewish or Christian) as long as they paid the jitza (a tax). • Local officials were replaced by Ottoman government officials

  32. Devshirme • Christian youths captured(sometimes given) by the Ottoman agents and recruited for the Imperial civil service and standing army • Converted to Islam • The brightest 10% entered the Palace school and were trained for civil service • The others were sent to Turkish farms and were trained for toughness = Janissaries • Janissaries were the elite army corps who were absolutely loyal to the Sultan

  33. Islam and Modesty • Women resided in seclusion in the harem • Purdah

  34. The Harem • Sacred place, sanctuary, place of honor, respect, and religious purity • Private quarters of the family – not visited by non-family members (female visitors were allowed, but not common) • Boys remained with their mothers in the harem until the ages of 10-11

  35. Ottoman Decline was caused by 8 Things

  36. Weak leadership Selim II (aka the Sloth)

  37. Corrupt government officials

  38. Powerful janissaries and janissary revolts

  39. Heavy taxes = revolts and unhappy peasantry

  40. The Ottoman Empire was very diverse ethnically + nationalism = many groups wanting their freedom

  41. New World silver flooding the market and causing silver to inflate = inflation

  42. Trade routes changing to bypass the Middle East in favor of water routes

  43. The Ottomans signed capitulations with the European countries = loss of revenue

  44. Loss of intellectualism = loss of innovation = fall behind the Europeans in technology

  45. Quiz 1. What was the name of the Tax that was assessed on Jews and Christians? 2. What Sultan was known as the lawgiver? 3. How were people encouraged to move to the Ottoman Empire? 4. List 4 Reasons the Ottoman Declines?

  46. Review • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5jE7y5vT5M

  47. New Turkish Republic Modern Middle East

  48. In the 18th Century more wars and losses resulted in reform attempts: • The Tulip Period (1718-1730) = first borrowing of European art and culture

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