Chapter 8

1. Chapter 8 03.08.12

2. Poem • The Southern part, also called Peloponnesus, • Connects to the Northern mainland by an isthmus. • Between natural harbors surrounded by shores, • Greeks ruled the seas like no others before • Mountainous Greece had thin, rocky soil • That grew barley for bread and olives for oil • On this land only small goats and sheep could survive, • Which produced unique goods like cheese, wool and hides.

4. The Land of Greece • Greece is on the Balkan Peninsula near the Mediterranean, Ionian, and Aegean Seas. • Southern Greece is connected to northern Greece by an isthmus of land • Mountains cover three-quarters of Greece, so the soil is rocky and poor. • Greece includes about 2000 islands. The largest island is Crete.

6. Life Among Mountains • Travel and trade are difficult on mountainous land, so Greeks often traveled by water. • Mountain areas have rocky, poor soil. Large animals like cows and horses need flat land with fertile soil. Greeks needed to raise smaller animals like goats and sheep. • From goats and sheep, Greeks got wool, hides, and cheese. • Greeks planted crops like barley, wheat, olives, and grapes that grow in dry climates. • Greeks made many goods from their resources like olives, such as oil for cooking, bathing, and lamp fuel. They made wine from grapes and bread from barley and grain.

8. Life by the Seas • Greece is surrounded by seas, so Greeks ate fish and traveled easily over water. • They had many natural harbors where they could keep boats.

9. Exchange and Trade • A food surplus allowed for a growing population, trade, and different types of jobs. • People who worked as weavers, metalworkers, and potters had little time to farm, so they exchanged their goods for food. • Greeks could not grow wheat, but they wanted it for bread. They traded for it.

10. Lesson 2 03.12.12

11. Poems • After Minoans, Mycenaeans followed, • Much from Minoan culture they borrowed. • Mycenaean rule also came to an end, • And shortly thereafter, the Dark Age set in. • The Greeks taught values through legends and myths • Bards entertained using such narratives. • Minoans ruled on the island of Crete, • The reason for their sudden fall is incomplete.

13. The Minoans and Minoan Life • Minoan civilization developed on Crete about 2000 B.C. • A palace in each city was the center of social life, government , and religion. • Sea trade was very important. Minoans traded with Greece, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. • Minoans had a writing system, but so far no one has deciphered it. • No one knows why the civilization ended in about 1100 B.C.

14. Mycenaeans • Mycenaeans were warlike people on Peloponnesus, the southern mainland of Greece. • Mycenaeans were mostly poor farmers, or peasants. • They learned styles of art and pottery from Minoans and adapted their writing system. • They invaded Crete in 1450 B.C. and controlled it until 1100 B.C when their rule ended.

15. Legends and Myths • Bards told stories and sang songs about gods as entertainment and to teach values. • Legends explained the past. Many legends were handed down. • Myths explained nature through stories about gods like Zeus, Hera, and Poseidon.

17. Greek Dark Age • Around 1100 B.C. trade on Crete stopped, and cities and villages were abandoned. • People were poor and moved to islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas for a better life.

18. Lesson 3 03.21.12

19. Poem • Abroad in search of iron for tools, • Greek colonies were built and ruled. • Power and wealth by Greeks were gained, • And great world leaders they became. • Monarchs ruled in Greece before • Oligarchies, which failed the poor. • The oligarchies grew tyranny, • And then came early democracy

20. Rise of City-States • By 750 B.C., settlements grew into city-states. The Greek word for city-state is polis. • The agora, or market, of each city-state was the center of politics. The acropolis was the center of religion.

21. New Ways of Governing • King ruled early Greece as monarchs. By 750 B.C. most city-states were ruled by oligarchy, which is rule by a few aristocratic leaders. Poor people wanted a better life. • Some aristocrats took over city-states as tyrants. Tyranny changed into democracy, which is ruled by people. Only free males age 18 and older could vote.

22. Commerce and Colonies • City-states traded with each other. Trade brought iron that improved farming. • In search of iron, Greeks went beyond the Aegean and built colonies, or city-states in other areas, that shared religion and culture with Greece.

25. Greek Culture • By the 700 B.C., Greeks had their own alphabet based on sounds. • Greeks used writing to keep trade records, then for law, government, and literature. • Greek religion was based on gods and their special powers. • The first Olympics were held in Olympia as a festival in honor of Zeus.

26. New Kind of Warfare • City-states fought each other over land and resources. All males had to serve in the army. • Hoplite soldiers formed human walls of defense by standing shoulder to shoulder.

27. Lesson 4

28. Poem • Athens had a different view • They loved reform and all things new • These city-states would form a league • To defend themselves from Persian fleets. • Spartan meals and clothes were plain. • A simple lifestyle was their aim. • At age seven, boys left home • And trained as soldiers until grown

29. Sparta’s government • Spartans lived a military lifestyle to prevent rebellions, because they had many helots. • Spartan government was unique. During war, it was lead by two kings who made joint decisions. During peace, it was run by an oligarchy of 30 elders, plus an assembly, and decisions were made by majority rule, not by one person. • There was a council that decided topics to be discussed by the assembly.

30. New Ideas in Athens/Toward Democracy • A leader named Solon changed the government so more people could participate. Entry required wealth, not birth into a family line. All male citizens could attend assembly, and decisions were made by majority rule, not by one person. • There was a council that decided topics to be discussed by the assembly.

31. Life in Athens • The goal in education was to teach children to be good citizens. • In Athens, very poor boys and girls did not study in school. Most boys from ages 7-14 studied in school. Rich boys could continue after age 14 with a tutor. • Girls studied at home.

32. Concerns with Persia • Persians ruled Mesopotamia, where Iraq is today. • Persians gained control of Greek colonies outside of Greece.