APA Style A Guide to Citing Sources

1. APA StyleA Guide to Citing Sources First things first: What is a citation? APA citation style Why you need to cite your sources How to cite your sources References list In-text citations

2. First things first: What is a citation? A citationis a reference to a source used in a research project. Moch, L. P. (1992). Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Whenever you use another person’s ideas or words in a research paper, you must cite, or give credit, to that person. That’s called citing your source.

3. APA citation style Citations must be accurate and standard so that anyone who reads your research can easily find the information you used. APA styleis a standard way of citing sources. This means each source you use should be formatted in a specific way. APA style wasdeveloped bythe American PsychologicalAssociation.

4. Why you need to cite your sources There are three important reasons to cite your sources. • to find information • to show that you understand your topic • to avoid plagiarism

5. Why you need to cite your sources Citations help you remember where you got your information. You can return to a source for more information or to clarify facts. Citations help your readers locate information when they want to do more research.

6. Why you need to cite your sources Citations show that your research was careful and thorough. They also show that other people support what you’ve written about your topic.

7. Why you need to cite your sources Citations give credit to people whose ideas you use. Plagiarism is using someone else’s ideas or knowledge without giving that person credit. Avoid plagiarism by giving people credit for their ideas and their words.

8. How to cite your sources Use two ways to cite your sources. At the end of your paper, add a References list. Within the paper, use in-text citations.

9. How to cite your sources A References list is a list of all the sources you used in your research paper. Here are some entries for part of a References list. Brenner, R. (1998, October). Land of opportunity. Forbes, 66–77. Library of Congress. (2003, March 28). Chinese and westward expansion. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://memory.loc.gov/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html Moch, L. P. (1992). Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

10. References list Books Here is the basic format for a book entry in a References list. Author’s last name, First initial. (year of publication).Book title. City of publication: Publisher’s Name. Author’s last name, First initial. (year of publication). Book title. City of publication: Publisher’s Name. Author’s last name, First initial. (year of publication). Book title. City of publication: Publisher’s Name. Author’s last name, First initial. (year of publication). Book title. City of publication: Publisher’s Name. Author’s last name, First initial. (year of publication). Book title. City of publication: Publisher’s Name. Author’s last name, First initial. (year of publication). Book title. City of publication: Publisher’s Name. Moch, L. P. (1992). Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Moch, L. P. (1992). Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Moch, L. P. (1992).Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Moch, L. P. (1992). Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Moch, L. P. (1992). Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Moch, L. P. (1992). Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

11. References list Periodicals Periodicals arepublications that are published regularly, or periodically, such as newspapers, magazines, and journals.

12. References list Periodicals Here’s the basic format for a magazine article entry for the References list. Author’s last name, First initial. (year, Month published). Article title. Magazine Title, volume number (if available),pages where article appears. Author’s last name, First initial. (year, Month published). Article title. Magazine Title, volume number (if available),pages where article appears. Author’s last name, First initial. (year, Month published). Article title. Magazine Title, volume number (if available),pages where article appears. Author’s last name, First initial. (year, Month published). Article title. Magazine Title, volume number (if available),pages where article appears. Author’s last name, First initial. (year, Month published). Article title.Magazine Title, volume number (if available),pages where article appears. Author’s last name, First initial. (year, Month published). Article title. Magazine Title, volume number (if available),pages where article appears. Brenner, R. (1998, October). Land of opportunity. Forbes, 66–68. Brenner, R. (1998, October). Land of opportunity.Forbes, 66–68. Brenner, R. (1998, October). Land of opportunity. Forbes, 66–68. Brenner, R. (1998, October). Land of opportunity. Forbes, 66–68. Brenner, R. (1998, October). Land of opportunity. Forbes,66–68. Brenner, R. (1998, October). Land of opportunity. Forbes, 66–68. If the article isn’t printed on consecutive pages, include each series of pages. Angly, E. (1947, February). Should we open our doors to immigrants? Saturday Evening Post, 219, 26–27, 125–126, 128. Angly, E. (1947, February). Should we open our doors to immigrants? Saturday Evening Post, 219, 26–27, 125–126, 128.

13. References list Citing nonprint sources There are many other kinds of sources besides books and magazines. You might use TV programs, DVDs, CDs, or Web sites. Web sites can be very useful as source material, but you must cite them properly.

14. References list Citing nonprint sources: Web site Here’s the basic format for a Web site entry for the References list. Author’s last name, First initial (if available, otherwise list Sponsoring Organization). (year, Month day of publication, or n.d. if no date is available). Document title. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL Author’s last name, First initial (if available, otherwise list Sponsoring Organization). (year, Month day of publication, or n.d. if no date is available). Document title.Retrieved Month day, year, from URL Author’s last name, First initial (if available, otherwise list Sponsoring Organization). (year, Month day of publication, or n.d. if no date is available). Document title. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL Author’s last name, First initial (if available, otherwise list Sponsoring Organization). (year, Month day of publication, or n.d. if no date is available). Document title. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL Author’s last name, First initial (if available, otherwise list Sponsoring Organization). (year, Month day of publication, or n.d. if no date is available). Document title. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL Author’s last name, First initial (if available, otherwise list Sponsoring Organization). (year, Month day of publication, or n.d. if no date is available).Document title. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL Library of Congress. (2003, March 28). Chinese and westward expansion. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://memory.loc.gov/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html Library of Congress. (2003, March 28).Chinese and westward expansion. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://memory.loc.gov/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html Library of Congress. (2003, March 28). Chinese and westward expansion. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://memory.loc.gov/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html Library of Congress. (2003, March 28). Chinese and westward expansion.Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://memory.loc.gov/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html Library of Congress. (2003, March 28). Chinese and westward expansion. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://memory.loc.gov/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html Library of Congress. (2003, March 28). Chinese and westward expansion. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://memory.loc.gov/award99/cubhtml/theme1.html

15. References List Sources are put in the References list in alphabetical order, double-spaced, and indented one-half inch. Here is an example of a final References list. References Brenner, R. (1998, October). Land of opportunity. Forbes, 66–77. Moch, L. P. (1992). Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

16. In-text citations Listing all your sources in the References list is an important part of your research paper. In the body of your paper, you also need to tell exactly where you found any information that came from other sources. You do that using an in-text citation.

17. In-text citations An in-text citation appears in the body of your paper wherever you use another person’s ideas, facts, or words. An in-text citation always refers to a source in your References list.

18. In-text citations To create an in-text citation, give the author’s last name and the year of the source’s publication. Put this information in parentheses at the end of the sentence, before the final punctuation. “Migration fever” was fueled by the letters from immigrants and from stories they passed on to other newcomers(Moch 1992). “Migration fever” was fueled by the letters from immigrants and from stories they passed on to other newcomers(Moch 1992). Readers can now find complete information about the source in your References list. Moch, L. P. (1992). Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Moch, L. P. (1992).Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

19. In-text citations If the author’s name appears in the sentence, include the year of the publication in parentheses directly after the author’s name. According to Moch (1992), “Migration fever” was fueled by the letters from immigrants and from stories they passed on to other newcomers. According to Moch (1992), “Migration fever” was fueled by the letters from immigrants and from stories they passed on to other newcomers. For sources without a year of publication, like many Web sites, you should include the initials (n.d.) in parentheses in place of the year.

20. In-text citations Citations for a specific document within a Web site should appear in both the References list and the body of the text, but citations for an entire Web site should not appear in the References list. A citation for an entire Web site should only be cited within the body of the text. You should include the source title, a short description, and the URL. The Ellis Island Web site provides a timeline of American immigration along with numerous family histories (http://www.ellisisland.org).

21. Your Turn All of the examples in this presentation can be found in the References List Reference Sheet, which is part of the Student Handouts for the MLA/APA Styles feature. The handouts Your Turn: Create APA Source Citations and Your Turn: Create APA In-text Citations also provide opportunities to practice creating source and in-text citations.

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