Use of Easements in oil and gas law

1. Use of Easements inoil and gas law Oil, Gas and Mineral Land Titles Seminar June 5, 2014 Steve Bain and Jennifer Cadena* Welborn Sullivan Meck & Tooley, PC 1125 17thStreet, Suite 2200 Denver, CO 80202 (303) 830-2500 sbain@wsmtlaw.com jcadena@wsmtlaw.com www.wsmtlaw.com *prepared with the help of Maki Iatridis

2. Types of Surface Access Easement • Non-possessory interest in real property • Non-possessory: Use of the land belonging to another • Real Property • If you have an easement, you do not own the land, but have a right to use it for a particular purpose • “Typically” runs with the land

3. Types of Surface Access Easement • The pipeline company needs an easement from the surface owner • Can be exclusive or non-exclusive • Surface owner will limit ability to use surface • Pipeline • Specified time • “One year after the pipeline is no longer used”

4. Types of Surface Access LICENSE • Not an interest in real property • Yearly payment • Personal, non-assignable • Revocable

5. Licenses and pipelines

6. Licenses and pipelines Can a License be obtained for a pipeline?

7. Licenses Yes, but who would want to? …. Licenses are hardly ever used

8. Easements General Examples • Pipelines • Drainage • Utilities • Roads (RS 2477) • Railroads (in patent) • Access to development of minerals

9. Terminology and Types of Easements Types of Easements generally • In Gross • Appurtenant • Purpose and intent determines • If unclear, presumption is appurtenant Lewitz v. Porath Family Trust, 36 P.3d 120 at 122 (Colo. App. 2001)

10. Easements in Gross Personal Interest No connection with the land Roads and utilities, typically

11. Easements Appurtenant A B • Runs with the land • Example 1: • I own Parcel A and have an easement over Parcel B • You purchase Parcel A from me by deed, but it doesn’t mention an easement • When you purchase Parcel A, do you also get the easement?

12. Easements Appurtenant A B • Runs with the land • Example 2: • I own Parcel B which is “burdened” by an easement • You purchase Parcel B from me by deed, but it doesn’t mention an easement • When you purchase Parcel B, are you “burdened” by the easement?

13. Easements Appurtenant A A B • Creates “dominant” and “servient” estates • Dominant - Who benefits from the easement? • Servient – Who is serving the other? Who owns the property on which the easement is located?

14. Easements Appurtenant A A (Dominant) B (Servient) • Creates “dominant” and “servient” estates • Dominant - Who benefits from the easement? • Servient – Who is serving the other? Who owns the property on which the easement is located?

15. Easements Appurtenant A A B • Dominant • May do whatever is reasonably necessary to use easement • Servient • Can’t “unreasonably” interfere with easement • Although servient owner retains right to use easement area, this use must be consistent with easement owner’s rights

16. Creation of Easements • Express • Grant • Reservation • Implication • Necessity • Pre-existing Use • Prescription

17. Creation of Easements - Express Grantor deeds Grantee “all right, title and interest in and to all of the oil, gas and other minerals located in, on and under [Blackacre] . . . together with the right of ingress and egress at all times for the purpose of exploring, operating and developing said lands for oil, gas and other minerals and storing, processing, treating, transporting and marketing the same therefrom and to use so much of the surface of the land as is necessary or convenient for any such activities . . . .” Grant/Reservation Signed by landowner bound by easement May be in a deed or separate agreement Mineral Deed example:

18. Creation of Easements - Express • Lessor hereinafter leases to Lessee the oil and gas . . . “together with the right of ingress and egress and the right to conduct operations including, but not limited, to construct and maintain pipelines, telephone and electric lines, tanks, powers, ponds, roadways, plants, equipment, and structures thereon to produce, save and take care of said oil and gas . . . .” Oil and Gas Lease may contain express grant If not express, then implied

19. Creation of Easements - Implication Not expressed in writing Implied by the transaction Typically, by necessity or by preexisting use

20. Creation of Easements - Implication A A B • Necessity (common law & by statute) • Common ownership • No other way to access land • Must be current and continuing • Lack of necessity terminates claim • Payment

21. Creation of Easements - Implication A A B • Necessity • Common ownership • No other way to access land • Must be current and continuing • Lack of necessity terminates claim • Payment

22. Creation of Easements - Implication A A B • Necessity • Common ownership • No other way to access land • Must be current and continuing • Lack of necessity terminates claim • Payment

23. Creation of Easements - Implication A A B Preexisting Use • Level of “necessity” may be less than access to property

24. Creation of Easements - Prescription Unopposed Continuous trespass Statutory period of 18 years Open, notorious, visible and adverse

25. Termination of Easements Voluntarily • Agreement by parties • Quitclaimed by easement owner • Express terms of easement instrument Abandonment • Voluntary, affirmative acts • Intent to abandon

26. Scope Trespass if easement holder exceeds “scope” of easement

27. Implied Easement for Benefit of Mineral Estate • Do I have an easement to develop the minerals? • Facts: • I own Parcel A in fee • I deed you Parcel A, reserving the minerals • That deed does not mention an easement to access the surface of the property

28. Implied Easement for Benefit of Mineral Estate YES Similar to an easement by necessity Without this implied easement, the mineral owner will not be able to develop his/her minerals

29. Implied Easement for Benefit of Mineral Estate Do I have an easement on the surface to access adjoining land? NO, the easement is limited to developing my minerals – unless there is an express easement allowing me to access adjoining land

30. Easement for Benefit of Mineral Estate How much surface of the land can I (or a lessee) use to develop the minerals?

31. Easement for Benefit of Mineral Estate Traditional Rule May use surface to extent reasonably necessary Allows mineral owner to use the surface without obtaining surface owner’s permission or paying surface owner for compensation Mineral owner may not destroy the surface Can include drilling/operating wells and constructing roads and pipelines

32. Easement for Benefit of Mineral Estate But, what is reasonable?

33. Easement for Benefit of Mineral Estate Modified Traditional Rule • No longer merely extent reasonably necessary • Focus on “accommodation” – there must be “due regard” for the surface owner and mineral owner • You must attempt to “accommodate” each other • The accommodation doctrine has been codified. C.R.S. § 34-60-127 • An operator may still enter upon and use that amount of the surface as is “reasonably necessary.”

34. Easement for Benefit of Mineral Estate But, what is reasonable?

35. Easement for Benefit of Mineral Estate The standard of conduct set forth in this section shall not be construed to abrogate or impair a contractual provision binding on the parties that expressly provides for the use of the surface for the conduct of oil and gas operations or that releases the operator from liability for the use of the surface. • Due to the possible litigation as to what is “reasonable,” operators typically obtain surface use agreements • According to C.R.S. § 34-60-127:

36. Surface Use Agreements

37. COGCC Definition SURFACE USE AGREEMENT shall mean any agreement in the nature of a contract or other form of document binding on the Operator, including any lease, damage agreement, waiver, local government approval or permit, or other form of agreement, which governs the operator’s activities on the surface in relation to locating a Well, Multi-Well Site, Production Facility, pipeline or any other Oil and Gas Facility that supports oil and gas development located on the Surface Owner’s property.

38. Damage Releases and Agreements Timely and hassle free access Provide tubing for corrals Cattle guards Grading and gravelling driveways Water supply wells Updating landowner’s abstract Dust suppression Repairing/upgrading fences* * James J. O’Malley & Kendor P. Jones, “Chained Gates and No Trespassing Signs: Dealing with Wary Landowners in a Brave New World,” 51 Rocky Mt. L. Inst. 7-1, 7-23 (2005).

39. Operations Timing and coordination of drilling operations Segregation of topsoils Location of production equipment Noise control Visual aesthetics Protection of water wells Fencing and protection of livestock Safety issues Indemnification and liability issues Reseeding and reclamation * James J. O’Malley & Kendor P. Jones, “Chained Gates and No Trespassing Signs: Dealing with Wary Landowners in a Brave New World,” 51 Rocky Mt. L. Inst. 7-1, 7-24 to 7-25 (2005).

40. Compatible Development and Surface Use Agreements Seismic work Access Construction of locations for wells, tank batteries, meters and processing equipment Construction of roads, flowlines, gathering lines and power lines Compressor siting Cutting of fences and trees Workover operations* *See Christopher G. Hayes, “Surface Use Agreements,” Severed Minerals, Split Estates, Rights of Access, and Surface Use in Mineral Extraction Operations, 15-1, 15-4 (Rocky Mt. Min. L. Fdn. 2005).

41. SUA Map

42. Setbacks • COGCC Setbacks • In 2013, setbacks increased from 150–350 feet to 500–1,000 feet • Proposed Ballot Initiative Setbacks • No. 85 – 1,500 feet and no taking • No. 86 – 2,000 feet and no taking • No. 87– 1/2 mile and no taking • No. 88 – 2,000 feet

43. Wind v. Oil & Gas Who leased first? How soon is each likely to be developed? Can development be staggered? Safety concerns Height concerns

44. Questions? Jennifer Cadena Steve Bain Welborn Sullivan Meck & Tooley, PC 1125 17th Street, Suite 2200 Denver, CO 80202 (303) 830-2500 sbain@wsmtlaw.com jcadena@wsmtlaw.com www.wsmtlaw.com