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CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL

Learn about the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol, including project types, standards, and definitions, and the potential for sustainable development. Explore the challenges and opportunities in renewable, building, and afforestation/reforestation projects under the CDM framework.

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CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL

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  1. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL Group J - Matt Bastyan, Simon Crook, Joe Payne, Sarah Teverson, Michael Treiber, Paula Urry

  2. Introduction • Definition of the CDM • Section A: Types of projects (renewable, buildings & afforestation/reforestation) • Section B: Standards & definitions • Conclusion

  3. DEFINITION ‘The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and to assist Parties including Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments […].’ (UNFCCC, 1998) Clean development mechanism

  4. Section A: Individual sectors Project Mix of CDM(UNEPRisoe, 2010)

  5. Afforestation & Reforestation • 15% of global anthropogenic carbon emissions are from deforestation • “forest” within CDM

  6. A/R Conclusions • Barriers within A/R sector: • CDM policies and guidelines are unclear • Community based projects often over looked • Economic incentives favour profitable projects • Maximum crediting period of 21 years is not enough for A/R projects • Carbon sequestration calculations ignore parts of the forest carbon cycle

  7. Including: Hydropower Geothermal Wind power Renewable

  8. More projects under CDM than other sectors Majority are hydropower (27%) Negatives associated with renewable sector: Projects can cause large scale relocation Financial investment is limited Renewable Conclusions

  9. Building sector • 25-30% energy related CO2 emissions globally • Low costs technologies and measures allow great potential for emissions reductions • Few projects approved, therefore, emissions curbing is limited

  10. Building Sector Conclusions • Barriers within buildings sector: • Many small emissions sources • Technology specific measures • Lack of baseline and monitoring methodologies • Difficulty proving project additionality • Economic incentive too weak

  11. Section B: Standards & definitions

  12. Additionality • Emissions ‘[...] by sources are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered CDM project activity.’ (UNFCCC, 2002) • Greenhouse gas emissions from the projects are lower than if the project did not take place (Mendis & Openshaw, 2004)

  13. Reasons for rejection

  14. Sustainable development • Underlining principle of CDM • ‘[…] meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’ (UN, 1987) • Host countries define SD criteria (Marrakesh Accord, 2001)

  15. Limitations for host countries • Multiple definitions of key CDM requirements • Additionality favours existing technology, it is a barrier to innovation • Competition to attract investment driving down sustainable development standards • “Race to the bottom” (Sutter & Parreno, 2007)

  16. Opportunities for financial institutions • Major traders are speculators (Chan, 2009) • Potential cost savings by using CERs instead of EUAs • Oligopoly of DOEs • e.g. TUVSUD • ‘green-washing’ • e.g. BP, Shell, CER €t-1 (15 Mar-26 Apr 2010) (Point Carbon, 2010)

  17. Conclusion • Projected reduction of 1,035mt CO2e by 2012 through CDM But… • Untapped potential of CDM • CDM aims are overlooked • Corporate gain not emission reduction not sustainable development

  18. Questions?

  19. References Chan, M. (2009) Subprime carbon? Re-thinking the world’s largest new derivatives market, Friends of the Earth, USA Point Carbon. (2010). Carbon Market Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2010, from Point Carbon: http://www.pointcarbon.com/news/cmd/1.1439103 Sutter, C. & Parreno, J. (2007) Does the current Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) deliver its sustainable development claim? An analysis of officially registered CDM projects, Climatic Change, Vol. 84, pp. 75-90 UN (1987) Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, General Assembly Resolution 42/187, 11.12.1987 (Access date: 19.4.2010) UNEP Risoe. (2010). CDM Pipeline Analysis and Database, March 1st 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010, from UNEP Risoe Centre: Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development: http://cdm pipeline.org/ UNFCCC. (1998). Kyoto Protocol - Article 12 . Retrieved April 2010, from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf#page=12 UNFCCC. (2001). The Marrakesh Accords. Retrieved April 2010, from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: http://unfccc.int/cop7/documents/accords_draft.pdf UNFCCC (2002) Report of the Conference of the parties on its seventh session, held at Marrakesh from 29 October to 10 November 2001 – Part two: Action taken by the conference of the parties: http://unfccc/cp/2001/13/Add.2

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