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Menstruation

Menstruation. Estrus v. Menstruation Menstruation Evolution of menstruation Menstrual cycle overview Physiology of menstruation Menstrual symptoms Menstruation and the environment. I. Estrus v. Menstruation. Estrus = “frenzy”

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Menstruation

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  1. Menstruation • Estrus v. Menstruation • Menstruation • Evolution of menstruation • Menstrual cycle overview • Physiology of menstruation • Menstrual symptoms • Menstruation and the environment

  2. I. Estrus v. Menstruation • Estrus = “frenzy” • Species with estrus cycles, females are generally only sexually active • Females of species with menstrual cycles

  3. A. Phases of Estrus • Proestrus • one or several follicles of the ovary are starting to grow, • Estrus • ovarian follicles are maturing and estrogen secretions exert their maximal influence. The animal exhibits a sexually receptive behavior, a situation that may be signaled by visible physiologic changes. • Metestrus • Estrogen declines, and the corpus luteum starts to form • Diestrus

  4. B. Hormonal control & variation in cycles: Time line specific for canines Species Estrus Cycle AVERAGE LENGTHS (days) OF ESTRUS AND ESTROUS CYCLES

  5. The  female on the left is  in estrus:  note the swelling around the top of the vagina and the presence of a small opening as well as the bright red color. 

  6. II. Menstruation • Myths http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4250506.stm • http://www.mum.org/

  7. A. Evolution of menstruation • Inflammatory response? Only humans & great apes exhibit menstrual cycles, in contrast to the estrus cycle of most mammalian species.

  8. B. Menstrual cycle overview • Series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium undergoes each month in response to changing levels of hormones in the blood

  9. C. Physiology of menstruation Remarkable events: • Dependant upon interrelationships between the brain, pituitary gland, ovaries & uterus • Preparation of egg for fertilization, preparation of uterus for pregnancy, evaluation of pregnancy status, reabsorption and excretion, begin again… • Phases:

  10. Days 1-5 Ovarian hormones at lowest point, • Prostaglandin level is high in menstrual • By day 5,

  11. Days 6-14, • Follicular phase

  12. Day 14: Ovulation

  13. Days 15-28 • Endometrium • Rising levels of progesterone from corpus luteum act on endometrium causing changes

  14. IF fertilization occurs – • Shortly after implantation,

  15. No fertilization – • Days 24-28, Premenstrual phase • Degeneration of endometrium

  16. D. Menstrual symptoms

  17. E. Menstruation and the environment • Amenorrhea – • Oligomenorrhea – • Effect of exercise • 28% competitive females experience athletic amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea • Diet • Stress • Menstrual synchrony –

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