Environment self-purification

1. Environment self-purification 智囊团： 符郁馥 金倩楠 张妮妮 沃静静 张文涛 陆好皓 柴迦南 易磊 汪杨阳 胡松 钟晓辉 顾婷婷 刘之烨

2. Section 1 Introduction Lectuer: Zhang Wentao (张文涛)

3. 1.1 Prevue Along with continuously develop of industry, the social productivity raises fast, more and more pollutants come into environment, bringing a big problem to environment. Fortunately, our environment has the certain ego decontamination ability, can reduce the pollutant damage. But, this ability isn't infinite, it has certain saturation. When this ability attain satisfied, the environment will be injure by the pollutant, then our living environment will become more worsen. In this contents, we will discuss the pollution of environment and the ego decontamination ability of environment, which called environment self-purification.

4. 1.2 Concept definition Concept definition is the ego decontamination ability of environment. This ability is a natural process of organic degradation that produces nutrients utilized by autotrophic organisms.

5. 1.3 Classification • Aquatic pollution • Soil pollution • Air pollution • self-purification of water body • self-purification of soil • self-purification of air

6. Section 2 Aquatic Pollution Lectuer: Zhang Wentao (张文涛)

7. 2.1 Summarize On account of human activity, we have dumped enormous amounts of waste products into the environment. If some of these waste products come into aquatic environment ( such as freshwater, brackish water, marine water and subterranean water) ,they can change the physical and chemical character of the aquatic environment (include water and submarine mud ), what play down the use value of the water. They also can destroy the biome of the aquatic environment, which is very important of water. This phenomena is called Aquatic Pollution. According as the category of the pollution material Aquatic Pollution can be divide into disease-causing organisms, elevated temperatures, oil spills, heavy metals, nutrient enrichment, organic molecules, sediment, and toxic chemicals. (See figure 2.1)

12. 2.2 Disease-causing organisms (致病微生物) Disease-causing organisms are a very important pollution problem in most of world. Untreated or inadequately treated human or domesticated animal waste is most often the source of world, sewage treatment and drinking-water treatment plants greatly reduce this public health problem. Disease-causing organisms such as pathogen, virus and autoecious organisms are always included in these water, what can make human and animal get disease or death. There are a considerable variety of disease-causing organisms in these water. What familiar to us are Cholera(霍乱), Typhoid(伤寒), Dysentery(痢疾) Helicobacter Pylori(幽门螺旋菌病)caused by pathogen; Poliomyelitis(小儿麻痹症)，Contagious Hepatitis(传染性肝炎) caused by virus; Schistosomiasis(血吸虫病)，Amoebic Dysentery(阿米巴痢疾)，Leptospirosis(钩端螺旋体病) caused by autoecious organisms.

13. Comma Bacillus (霍乱弧菌) Leptospire (钩端螺旋体)

14. S.Typhi (沙门伤寒菌) Sh. Flexneri (弗氏痢疾杆菌)

15. Helicobacter Pylori (幽门螺杆菌) Polioviruses (小儿麻痹症病毒)

16. schistosome (血吸虫) Tyzzeria perniclosa (隐孢子虫)

18. 2.3 Nutrient enrichment (营养物富集) Nutrients are also a pollution problem. Additional nutrients in the from of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds increase the rate of growth of aquatic plants and algae. However, phosphates and nitrates are generally present in very limited amounts in unpolluted freshwater and ,therefore, are a limiting factor on the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Thus ,when phosphates or nitrates are added to the surface water, they act as a fertilizer and promote the growth of undesirable algae and aquatic plants due to added nutrients is called eutrophication. Algae and larger aquatic plants may interfere with the use of the water by fouling boat propellers, clogging water-intake pipes, changing the taste and odor of water, and causing the buildup of organic matter on the bottom. As this organic matter decays, oxygen levels decreases, and fish and other aquatic species die.

20. 2.3 Oil spills (石油泄漏)

21. Section 3 Water self-purification Lectuer: Fu Yufu(符郁馥)

22. INTRODUTION • For the effect of physical, chemical and biological, the concentration of the pollution has reduced step by step . After a period of time the water comeback the situation which has not been polluted. • For the effect of microbiology which is in the water, the polluted water become clean again.

23. INTRODUTION Physical process Chemical process Biological process

24. The changes in rivers H2O CO2 NO3

25. The volume of water Velocity of flow The kinds of pollution Limiting factors

26. Planktonic Environment • Primary Production • Secondary Production • Biofilms

27. Planktonic Environment phytoplankton Zooplankto Dissolved organic compounds CO2 Bactivorous zooplankton Bacteria

28. Phytoplankton • bacterio-plankton • Zooplankton • DOM • POM

29. Photoautotrophic organisms within this community including both eukaryotes (algae) and prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) are collectively referred to as phytoplankton. Suspended heterotrophic bacterial populations are referred to asbacterio-plankton, and protozoan populations make up the zooplankton.

30. Particulate organic matter (POM) compounds are large macromolecules such as polymers, which make up the structural components of the cells. Including cell walls and membranes. • Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is composed of smaller compounds, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, and nucleic acids, which are rapidly taken up by microbes and recycled.

31. Primary Production Freshwater lakes, like the open seas, are often low-productivity environments, particularly those with large, deep, nutrient-poor (oligotrophic) bodies of water. In contrast, smaller and shallower freshwater bodies tend to be nutrient rich (eutrophic).

32. Secondary Production • A substantial portion of the carbon fixed by photosynthesis (>50%) is released into the water column in the form of dissolved organic matter. This DOM is rapidly utilized by heterotrophic bacteria (bacterioplankton) present within the planktonic community. • The source of the DOM pool in the planktonic environment is primarily phytoplankton, but zooplankton and bacterioplankton also contribute.

33. Another suggested mechanism is that “sloppy” feeding habits of aquatic animals that prey on phytoplankton may allow aportion of the DOM to be released into the water column. • Finally, dissolved organic compounds are also released during the lysis of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton by viruses.

34. Biofilms • A biofilm is a layer of organic matter and microorganisms formed by the attachment and proliferation of bacteria on the surface of an object. • Biofilms have been extensively studied for their role in nutrient cycling and pollution control within the aquatic environment, as well as for their beneficial or detrimental effects on human health.

35. FIGURE 6.5Biofilm development The initial reversible attachment of organisms to surfaces can, with time, become permanent.

36. The exact nature of the biofilm architecture depends on numerous factors, including the type of solid surface, the microbial composition of the biofilm, and environmental conditions.

37. Pictures of yellow stone park

38. Section 3 Soil Pollution Lectuer: Zhong Xiaohui(钟晓辉)

39. Soil Development

40. Soil Pollution: • The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment.

41. Soil Pollution Definition • Soils with clay particles can selectively attract, absorb, or bind toxins • Soils may contain organisms that can break down contaminants – so can be useful in reducing pollution • Soil can become polluted: • organic chemicals (hydrocarbons, pesticides) • heavy metals

42. Agricultural practices, including the use of agricultural chemicals, are another primary source of pollution on or near the ground surface. • Most agricultural chemicals are water-soluble nitrates and phosphates that are applied to fields, lawns and gardens to stimulate the growth of crops, grass and flowers.

43. Agriculture Chemicals • When not used by the plants the nutrients can enter streams and lakes during the run-off or leaching events. • Once in a body of water, these chemicals continue to promote the growth of plants, the resulting plant detritus is food for micro-organisms, and as the population of such organisms grows, the supply of oxygen in the water is depleted.

44. Affect of soil pH on adsorption of 4 heavy metals Pb Adsorption Cu Zn Cd 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7.0 Soil pH

45. Soil Erosion • Soil erosion rates vary with engineering properties of soil, land use, topography, and climate Gully Formation Runoff

46. Soil pollution pictures

47. Section 4 Soilpollution Self-purification Lectuer: Yi Lei(易磊)

48. Self-purification A natural process of organic degradation that produces nutrients utilized by autotrophic organisms.

49. Hyperaccumulator • Absorption of heavy metal • Degradation of pesticide

50. Hyperaccumulator The brake fern is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator and has enormous potential for phytoremediation of contaminated sites worldwide.