Developmental Psychology

1. 0 Developmental Psychology

2. What characteristics change with time? What causes these changes? 0 Developmental psychologists study changes in behavior, attitudes, and mind--- as a function of TIME (both Quantitative and Qualitative changes) • physical • cognitive • social • moral • sexual • etc.!!! Genetic inheritance & Environmental factors

3. 0 The Nature - Nurture Controversy1930s to 1950s The European ethologists (e.g., K. Lorenz & N. Tinbergen) vs. The American Psychologists (e.g., John B. Watson & B. F. Skinner)

4. 0 “Nature” in the Controversy Konrad Lorenz “Imprinting” in goslings Also, Niko Tinbergen Egg-rolling behavior in graylag geese Universal and Stereotypical, therefore due to “Nature”!!!

5. 0 “Nurture” in the Controversy e.g., B. F. Skinner’s Learning Laboratory ww2.lafayette.edu/ ~allanr/pigeon.jpeg

6. 0 How can we study the relative effects of genotype & environment? Maze Maze Bright Dull Eventually… f Low Med High Number of Errors Selective Breeding

7. 0 What about humans? Monozygotic (MZ) vs. Dizygotic (DZ) Twin Studies 1. Adoption Studies e.g., monozygotic twins reared in different homes But, adopted children may not be representative of the larger population… 2. Compare Concordance Rates for co-twins e.g., if concordance rate of MZ twins is higher than DZ twins, then there is a strong genetic influence on development But, MZ twins look alike… In general, teasing apart the relative influences of Gen. & Env. requires multiple methods!!!

8. 0 If we are talking about the development of an individual, when should we begin?It’s rather arbitrary, but…

9. 0 Sperm + Egg = Zygote Fertilization Each cell of the human body: 22 pairs of autosomes 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX – female XY – male) Identical in every cell of the body, except Sperm & Ova which have half of genetic material If all goes well, cell division results in a 100-trillion cell person

10. 0 What types of things can go wrong in development? PKU Down’s Syndrome (e.g., trisomy-21) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) These are due to BOTH “Nature and “Nurture!!!”

11. Phenylketonuria (PKU) • A genetically inherited dominant trait that involves an inability to metabolize the amino acid, phenylalanine

12. Down’s syndrome (e.g., trisomy-21) Photos from Univ. of Utah & Down’s syndrome Society Of Hampton Rhodes

13. 0 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

14. Which of the following is a genetically inherited disorder that can be treated by dietary restrictions? • Trisomy-21 • FAS • PKU • All of the above

15. Now, let’s talk about how our characteristics change with time... Motor Development tends to be: HeadTail Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Near Far

16. 0 Cephalocaudal Development

17. 0 Human development is ________, occurring in a “near to far” fashion. • cephalodistal • cephalocaudal • proximodistal • proximocaudal • all of the above

18. Many developmental psychologists are “Stage Theorists” Some Milestones in Motor Development < 1 month: lying down, lifts head 3 months: lying down, lifts chest 5 months: sits without support 7.5 months: pulls self up to stand 9 months: walks holding furniture 11.5 months: stands alone 12 months: walks alone Are these “Stages” of development? What about individual differences? Historical differences? Cultural differences?

19. Perceptual Development How to test a Neonate, Infant or Non-human animal... 1) Preference tests 2) Habituation-dishabituation (e.g., changes in suckling rates in newborns) 3) Visual Cliff – Depth Perception

20. Cognitive Development Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980), a stage theorist 0 to 2 yrs: Sensorimotor Period 2 to 7 yrs: Preoperational Period 7 to 11 yrs: Period of Concrete Operations 12 + yrs: Period of Formal Operations Cognitive schema Assimilation vs. Accommodation

21. Piaget’s stages: Sensorimotor Period (0 to 2 yrs) Mental representation (including “object permanence”) develops G...R...A...D...U...A...L...L...Y... during the first two years of life.

22. Piaget’s stages: Preoperational Period (2 to 7 yrs) The child does NOT show: Serialization

23. According to Piaget:The preoperational child is fooled by changes in appearance! Conservation Conservation of volume of mass C. A. B. Conservation of number A. B. C.

24. According to Piaget: The preoperational child is: Egocentric Allowed to walk around the table to see it from all perspectives... But, egocentric in selecting picture.

25. Piaget’s stages:Period of Concrete Operations (7 to 11 yrs) The child is NOT fully logical: If A > B and B > C; is A > C?

26. Piaget’s stages:Period of Formal Operations (12+ yrs) The child is NOW fully logical: Capable of abstract thought, deductive reasoning, and hypothesis testing What will make the ball move faster? 1. drop ball from greater height * 2. change length of string 3. push ball harder 4. change weight of object

27. In which of the following stages of Piagetian development does a child demonstrate “out of sight, out of mind?” • Sensorimotor • Preoperational • Concrete Operations • Formal Operations

28. Which of the following stages of Piagetian development is associated with an ability to engage in hypothesis testing? • Sensorimotor • Preoperational • Concrete Operations • Formal Operations

29. Are there problems with the Piagetian perspective? Testing is often motor-dependent and language-dependent. Furthermore, many critics suggest that he underestimated the abilities of children!

30. Erik Erikson (1902 – 1994) Stages of psychosocial development: 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (1st year) “Is the world a safe and comfortable place?”

31. The Harlow Studies (1970s) Isolate-reared monkeys with soft, cuddly surrogate mothers used them as secure bases when placed in unfamiliar locations. “Surrogate mothers” 17 hrs. per day

32. Erik Erikson (1902 – 1994) Stages of psychosocial development: 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (1st year) “Is the world a safe and comfortable place?” 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (2nd year) “Can I control my own behavior?”

33. Erik Erikson (1902 – 1994) Stages of psychosocial development: 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years) “Can I become independent of my parents?” 4. Competence vs. Inferiority (6 yrs. to puberty) “Can I master important skills?”

34. Erik Erikson (1902 – 1994) Stages of psychosocial development: 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence) “Who am I? What do I feel, think, believe?” 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood) “Can I develop a warm, sharing relationship with someone?”

35. Erik Erikson (1902 – 1994) Stages of psychosocial development: 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood) “What can I offer succeeding generations?” 8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood) “Have I found contentment through my work and play?” CRITICISMS of this perspective?

36. Lawrence Kohlberg (1963) Stages of Moral development: “Hypothetical Moral Dilemmas” 1. Pre-conventional (0 to 7 years) The morality of self-interest: avoiding punishment or gaining concrete rewards 2. Conventional (8 to 13 years) The morality of law & social rules: gaining approval or avoiding disapproval 3. Post-conventional (13+ years) The morality of abstract principles: complying with agreed-upon rights or personal ethical principles

37. 0 How many chromosomes are there is most cells of the human body? • 11 pairs • 23 pairs • 37 pairs • 45 pairs • 59 pairs

38. 0 Sex chromosomes in human males takes the form of: • XX • YY • XY • YW • None of the above

39. 0 Which of the following was considered evidence of “Nature” in the “Nature vs. Nurture” controversy? • PKU • Trisomy-21 • imprinting • FR schedules • None of the above

40. 0 According to Piaget, what process is involved when a child encounters new information that fits old rules? • assimilation • accommodation • preoperationalism • transmutation • organization

41. 0 According to Piaget, a preoperational child is: • egocentric. • lacking conservation. • lacking serialization. • not logical. • all of the above.

42. 0 Who studied moral development using hypothetical moral dilemmas? • B. F. Skinner • Lawrence Kohlberg • Jean Piaget • Erik Erikson • None of the above