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What is a computer ?

What is a computer ? A computer is a device capable of perform ing computations and making logical decisions at speeds millions and even billions of times faster than those of human beings. Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer programs .

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What is a computer ?

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  1. What is a computer? • A computer is a device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions at speeds millions and even billions of times faster than those of human beings. • Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer programs. • These programs guide computers through orderly sets of actions that are specified by individuals known as computer programmers.

  2. Computers • Hardware: keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM • Software: • Computer Information System: Hardware, Software, People, Data, Procedures

  3. Computer Organization • Central processing unit (CPU) • Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) • Control unit (CU) • Memory unit • Input unit • Output unit • Secondary storage unit

  4. Computer hardware history • First generation, 1940s • Vacum tubes: cost, size, energy requirements • Second generation, 1950s • Transistors • Programming languages were developed • Third generation, 1960s • Integrated Circuit (IC) • Future • More computing power, smaller, more reliable, faster, cheaper, networked • Programmers needed to write new programs • Programmers needed to update older programs

  5. Evolution of Operating Systems • Single-user batch processing • Operating systems (software) were developed • Multi-programming • Timesharing • UNIX (C was developed to write it)

  6. Programlama Nedir? • Programming is the ability to talk to the computer in a language it can understand and using grammarand syntax that it can follow to get it to perform useful tasks for you. • You write code and the computer interpretsyour request and does something. • Doing something is a vital part of programming. • Step-by-step instructions

  7. Programlama Süreci

  8. Programlamanın Erken Tarihçesi • 1822, Charles Babbage • Difference machine: a single-purposemachine that could ultimately only carry out one operation • Analytical engine: This enginewould contain the basic components of a modern computer and led to Babbage’s being called the“father of the computer.” • an inability to clearly document and convey his ideas!

  9. Programlamanın Erken Tarihçesi • 1854, Charles Boole • Described the symbolic logic system • 1890, A.B.D. Nüfus sayımı • necessity is the mother of invention • data processing equipment • 1946, ilk programlama dili “Plankalkül” • By Konrad Zuse, for Z-3 computer • Birth of modern programming

  10. Programlamanın Erken Tarihçesi • 1945, “bug” kavramının doğuşu • “debugged” • “debugging a computer” • “debugging a computer program” • 1949, development of “Short Code” • code had to be made into machine-readable code by hand

  11. Programlama Alanları • Geleneksel programlama • Ticari/uygulama amaçlı programlama: C/C++, Java, VB • Öğrenme/Akademik amaçlı programlama • Web programlaması • Server-side programming: ASP, PHP, SQL • Client-side programming: JavaScript, VBScript

  12. Programlama Dilleri • Makine dili • Assembly dili • Yüksek düzeyli diller

  13. The difficulty of a programming language comes down to how far it is removed from natural writtenlanguage.

  14. Makine dili • Any computer can understand only its own machine language directly • This machine language is defined by the computer’s hardware design • Consists of streams of numbers • Machine dependent • Makine dili örnek kodu 01000110 11000100 10111011 00011101

  15. Assembly Dili • Makine dili yavaş, sıkıcı ve hataya açık • English-like abbreviations to represent the elementary operations of the computer • These abbreviations formed the basis of assembly languages • Translator programs called assemblers convert assembly lanuage programs to machine language • Assembly dili örnek kodu ADD A, 6 MOV A, OUT LOAD B SUB B, A

  16. Yüksek düzeyli diller • Assembly languages still required many instructions to accomplish even the simplest task • To speed up the programming process, high-level languages, in which single statements accomplish substantial tasks, were developed. • Translation programs called compilers convert high-level language programs into machine language. • Looks almost like everyday English • Yüksek düzeyli dil örnek kodu Sayı3 = Sayı1 + Sayı2

  17. Yüksek Düzeyli Dillerin Gelişim Süreci • 1954-1957, Fortran (by IBM), for creating scientific and engineering applications, first commercial high-level programming lang. • 1959, Cobol, Commercial applications requiring manipulation of large amounts of data • Late 1960s, Pascal, for academic use • New offerings build on aspects of their predecessors • 1967, BCPL, for writing OSs, software, compilers • 1970, B, early versions of UNIX • 1973, C, UNIX, major operating systems • 1975, BASIC • 1980s, C++, object-oriented programming (OOP) • 1995, Java, create dynamic content for Web pages and for consumer devices • 2000, C#, designed specifically for the .NET platform

  18. “Hello, World!” yazdırmanın 1001 yolu

  19. Neden bir çok programlama dili var? • each type of computer (hardware) really onlyunderstands one language • 001110100011001010110010001101001011011110111010101110001100100000011000010110111001100100001000000110100101100110001000000111011101100101001000000110100001100000011010010110111000100000011000100110100101101110011000010111001001111001001000000011101110110100101110100011010000010000011011110111010101110010001000001100011011011110110110101110000011101010111010001100101011100100111001100100000111010101110011011010010110111001100111001000001101001011101000010000001100001011 • A program (either an interpreter or a compiler) is required to convert thecode from text into a binary language that the computer can decipher.

  20. Programs needed to create programs • Development Environment: A development environment is a program that you use to type the code into. • Compiler: A compiler is a program that changes the code you type into code that the computer can understand.

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