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Writing a Speech

Writing a Speech. Purpose?. To argue } it is more likely to To persuade } be one of these three To advise } purposes To explain To inform To describe. Audience?. Formal Informal The Head teacher Local councillors

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Writing a Speech

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  1. Writing a Speech

  2. Purpose? • To argue } it is more likely to • To persuade } be one of these three • To advise } purposes • To explain • To inform • To describe

  3. Audience? • Formal • Informal • The Head teacher • Local councillors • Readers of a newspaper or magazine (What kind of newspaper? What specific audience?) • Local business people • Others…

  4. Register/tone/style • Informal and colloquial? • More formal? NB: Even if you are writing for a teenage audience, DO NOT allow your style to become too informal as you will not allow the examiner to see the range of vocabulary and sentence structures that you can use.

  5. Informal / colloquial Formal Fellow citizens, we observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom – symbolising an end, as well as a beginning – signifying a renewal as well as change. … The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life… Were you as stunned as I was by the recently- reported juvenile crime figures? I was shocked, confounded and amazed. There has been a substantial decrease in recorded juvenile crime over the past decade. You can now see the cause of my surprise. I read all those comments in the papers about young lawlessness, the moral vacuum and yet the statistics clearly differ…

  6. Some key features • A consideration of the values and interests of your audience • Appropriate tone • A clearly stated point of view or purpose • A logical step-by-step development • A planned progression of paragraphs • An awareness of key words • Use of reason and emotional appeal

  7. Planning/Brainstorming ideas • Jot down ideas • Organise your ideas by making links and connections between them • Identify key words that will be useful • Edit ideas • Produce a paragraph plan that shows a logical progression in your speech

  8. A group of students from your school wants to go on an adventure trip abroad. Write the text of a speech to local business people persuading them to sponsor the group. • What is your purpose? • Identify the situation, values and interests of your audience • What tone will you need? • How can you use reason and emotional appeal?

  9. Brainstorm ideas • Establish where you are going on your trip and why • Draw out reasons that show you will develop/grow as individuals; for example: • Independence • Decision making • Showing Initiative • Developing experience of other cultures • Taking responsibility • Developing skills that will ultimately benefit your community • [You can use humour to point out you will also have fun which is important to being a well-rounded individual!] THINK OF EXAMPLES FOR EACH OF THESE TO ILLUSTRATE HOW YOUR TRIP WILL HELP YOU DEVELOP THE SKILLS

  10. Brainstorm ideas continued • Flatter the business people (subtly) – probably on a moral level for taking an interest in the supporting of young people in the community [This may well be useful in your opening paragraph] • Show that you are already doing a great deal to raise money (that you are being proactive and taking responsibility and not just expecting a hand out!); think of examples • Think of ways in which the businesses might benefit from sponsoring your group:

  11. Brainstorm ideas continued For example; • There will be media coverage which will bring publicity • Sweatshirts/caps/bags will carry their logos – publicity • Students involved will be potential employees of their companies in the future with mature skills • Others…

  12. Organise these ideas into a logical sequence of paragraphs.

  13. Openings Is it better to play safe and simply state your purpose without trying to be too clever or gimmicky or should you take chances and show off your range of writing skills with a more startling or engaging opening? You should be guided by the context of the writing: • What is the purpose? • Who is the audience?

  14. Openings continued First and foremost you should engage the audience’s interest immediately. The clever reasoning and evidence can come later. If the audience is not interested in the first few sentences, it will all go to waste anyway!

  15. Openings continued This question is a formal context in which you will need to recognise that the business people have given up valuable (money making!) time to meet with you. You must recognise that but there is no reason why you cannot integrate questions or an anecdote to gain their interest in your proposed expedition.

  16. Openings continued Welcome to Cokethorpe School and thank you for taking time out of what must be very busy schedules to spend time with us this morning. As you are already aware from the letter that we have sent to you all, we are keen to involve the local community in our exciting project. Imagine for a moment a setting far removed from where we are now. A silent landscape and a pristine sky. An intensity of cold that most people will never experience in their lives and wildlife that will enthral. Add to this a risk of danger that will challenge our judgement and, I am sure you will agree, this is an opportunity that we must not miss.

  17. LANGUAGE DEVICES • Use of personal pronouns (I, we, you) • Emotive vocabulary • Contrasts • Anecdote • Direct address to your audience • Questions to provoke thought • A recognition of complications/ implications/alternative viewpoints • Variety in sentence length • Strong statements of opinion • Use of facts • Discourse markers • Figurative language (metaphor; simile; personification) • Alliteration • Modal verbs (might, ought, could)

  18. LANGUAGE DEVICES continued • Minor sentences • Repetition • Humour • Irony • Exaggeration • Lists • Rule of three (tripling) • Balanced sentences with contrasting parts

  19. Discourse markers (signpost words and phrases) To compare different ideas • On the other hand • However • Whereas • In contrast • Although • Alternatively • Despite To link similar ideas • Similarly • Not only…but also • Furthermore • Likewise To illustrate ideas • For example • Such as • As shown by • For instance

  20. Discourse Markers continued To show cause and effect • Because • Consequently • As a result To summarise ideas • Overall • Generally • In short • Therefore • In conclusion

  21. Endings • YOU SHOULD HAVE PLANNED HOW TO END BEFORE YOU BEGIN WRITING. • This will help give you a powerful ending to impress your examiner!

  22. Endings continued • Your final paragraph should round off your speech in a satisfying way. It should do more than simply repeat what you have said in your earlier paragraphs. • It will not introduce a whole new argument/idea but it will restate your view in a convincing way. • The focus and force of it will also depend on the purpose of your writing.

  23. Endings continued Again, we would like to thank you all for giving up your valuable time to listen to our plans. We are sure you will realise by now the impact that you will have on our lives if you agree to contribute in some way, regardless of how small, to our expedition. We know economic times are hard but we also know we are the future of this community.

  24. Writing a Speech Thank you for listening and reading

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