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This lecture discusses the use of passive voice in dentistry, including formation and examples of passive forms in different tenses. It also covers the contextual use of verb tenses in academic writing and provides a video on impacted wisdom teeth removal.
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Лекція № 3 Grammar in Use: Dentistry“30”березня 2016 р.
PASSIVE VOICE The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action The passive verb is formed by putting the verb “to be” into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb.
Present simple, Passive Voice • Active sentence : • Doctor Smith treats this patient. • Passive sentence : • This patient is treatedby doctor Smith. • ------------------------------------------------------------ • Active sentence : • Doctors review the most interesting cases every day. • Passive sentence : • The most interesting cases are reviewedevery day.
Past simple, Passive Voice • Active sentence: • Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. • Passive sentence: • Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Fleming. ------------------------------------------------------------ • Active sentence : • The doctor examined these patients yesterday. • Passive sentence : • These patients were examinedby the doctor yesterday.
Future simple, Passive Voice • Active sentence: • This surgeon will perform tooth extraction. • Passive sentence: • Tooth extraction will be performed by this surgeon. • ------------------------------------------------------------ • Active sentence: • The dentist will take X-ray images. • Passive sentence: • X-ray images will be taken by the dentist.
Present Perfect, Passive Voice • Active: • The procedure has produced a beneficial long-term outcome. • Passive: • A beneficial long-term outcome has been produced by the procedure. • ------------------------------------------------------------ • Active: •The doctor has attended to ten patients this morning. • Passive: •Ten patients have been attendedto this morning.
Past Perfect, Passive Voice • Active: • The dentist had detected the cause of gum by 3 p.m. yesterday. • Passive: • The cause of gum bleeding had been detected by the dentist by 3 p.m. yesterday. • ------------------------------------------------------------Active: •They had sent the X-ray films before the operation started. • Passive: •The X-ray films had been sentbefore the operation started.
Future Perfect, Passive Voice • Active: • They will have estimated the exact amount of gastric juice before the surgeon comes. • Passive: • The exact amount of gastric juice will have been estimatedbefore the surgeon comes.
Present Continuous, Passive Voice • Active: •The surgeon is extracting the necrotic pulp now. • Passive: • The necrotic pulp is being extracted by the surgeon now. ------------------------------------------------------------ • Active: • The professor is providing instructions at the moment. • Passive: • The instructions are being provided by the professor.
Past Continuous, Passive Voice • Active: •They were carrying the injured person to the hospital. • Passive: •The injured person was being carried to the hospital. • ------------------------------------------------------------ • Active: • The dentist was questioning the patients from 2 to 3 p.m. yesterday. • Passive: • The patients were being questionedby the dentist yesterday from 2 to 3 p.m.
NB! • Future Continuous is not used in Passive Voice, we use Future Simple instead: • At ten o’clock tomorrow Nick will be writing the letter. • At ten o’clock tomorrow the letter will be written by Nick.
Contextual Use of Verb Tenses in Academic Writing • The present tense is appropriate for citations of sources, in abstracts and background information (“Most physicians argue that it is reasonable to apply X-ray for early diagnostics”); • The present perfect tense is traditionally used in introduction sections of academic papers (“This method has been considered inappropriate for treating xerostomia”); • The actual research (the results section) is written in the past tense (“Saliva flow in patients was measured by sialometry”)
Passive Voice Constructionsin Academic Writing • Passive voice constructions in simple present and simple past tenses are obligatory (e.g., “the tolerability of this surgical technique was examined”). • The passive voice provides the effect of objectivity and scientific detachment. Thus, it constitutes a prevalent feature of academic texts.
Video: Impacted Wisdom Teeth Removal • Impaction is a general term that is applied to any tooth that does not have room to come into normal position to provide a usable chewing surface. • The crown of the tooth is completely covered with bone. • Some wisdom teeth may be removed under local anesthesia. • Various techniques are used to remove the impacted tooth. • Once this is accomplished the tooth may be removed. • Complications may occur following the procedure even though the procedure itself was performed with reasonable care. • Instructions will be given to you regarding other post operative problems. • This complication occurs when the nerve is affected during the removal of the tooth root.
The lip numbness is usually temporary, but in rare circumstances has been known to be permanent. • Occasionally, during the extraction of the wisdom teeth these nerves can be affected which may cause numbness and a loss of taste to half of tongue. • When the tooth is removed and opening may be present through the tooth socket into the sinus. • On rare occasions a root tip or tooth may be dislodged into the sinus area and may require more surgery. • This is rare and seldom serious but should be reported to your doctor. • The joint is protected during surgery by the use of a mouth prop. • Root tips may occasionally be left behind if your doctor feels the risk of complications from the removal outweighs the risk of leaving them behind.
Types of Questions • There are four kinds of questions in English: general, alternative, special, disjunctive. • 1. A GENERAL QUESTION requires the answer “Yes” or “No” and is spoken with a rising intonation. General questions are formed by placing part of the predicate (i.e. the auxiliary or modal verb) before the subject. • E.g. Do you study at the Academy? • May I come in? • Did he examine this patient yesterday? • Are you a doctor? • Does this student attend lectures?
Types of Questions • 2. A SPECIAL QUESTION begins with an interrogative word or phrase (Where…, How…, Why…, How many…, What colour…, etc.). The order of words is the same as in general questions but the interrogative word or phrase precedes the auxiliary verb. • E.g. Where do you study? • What treatment did the dentist prescribe? • How is pulpitis treated? • At what age is oral cancer likely to occur? • When will this patient visit the dentist?
Special questions NB! • When a special question is put to the subject or to an attribute of the subject, the order of words is that of a statement (i.e. no inversion is used). The notional verb comes in the 3rd person singular or plural. • E.g. Who studies at the Academy? • What causes caries?
Types of Questions • 3. An ALTERNATIVE QUESTION denotes choice. It consists of two general questions connected by means of “or”. • E.g. Are you a first or a second year student? • Does pulpitis lead to abscess or cancer? • Did he participate in a conference or a workshop? • Is dysgeusia a disorder of taste or of vision?
4. A DISJUNCTIVE QUESTION consists of two parts: an affirmative statement followed by a negative question or a negative statement followed by an affirmative question. • E.g. He is a student, isn’t he? • You are not tired, are you? • Severe iron deficiency anemia can lead to stomatitis, cannot it? • Patients with xerostomia often complain of problems with wearing dentures, don’t they? • Pulp exposure causes hot and cold sensitivity, doesn’t it?
QUESTIONS DENTISTS ASK PATIENTS • #1- What brings you in today? • #2- What hurts? • #3- What are your symptoms? • #4- How long has this been going on? • #5- Has the pain been getting better or worse? • #6- Do you smoke? • #7- Do you have a family history of this? • #8- Do you take any medicines or supplements? • #9- Have you had any previous surgeries? • #10- Are you allergic to any medicines?
