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E lectronic Cartographic Materials The Basics

This session provides an introduction to electronic cartographic resources, including e-atlases, GIS, and metadata for spatial data. It also covers finding information for cataloguing and the challenges of cataloguing geospatial data.

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E lectronic Cartographic Materials The Basics

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  1. Electronic Cartographic MaterialsThe Basics Grace Welch University of Ottawa June 21, 2003 MAGERT Workshop

  2. Purpose of Session • What you need to get started • What is a e-cartographic resource • Brief intro. to GIS and spatial data • Metadata for spatial data • Finding the information for cataloguing

  3. Cartographic e-resources • Electronic atlases such as Encarta Virtual Globe (usually on CD-ROM) • E-atlases are produced by governments or commercially • Provide good information for cataloguing on CD-cover or case

  4. Cartographic e-resources Geospatial data “information about the shape, location and attributes of objects in electronic format” • Includes scanned maps, remote sensing images, data from digitizing, from GPS • for use with GIS or image-processing software • More challenging for cataloguing

  5. What is GIS? GeographicInformationSystem A technology or system whichuses computers to enter, store, manage, analyze and present spatial data

  6. What is GIS? • brings together databases & graphics • essential components: data, software, hardware, database management and spatial analysis tools and people • GIS is an integrating technology – can explore new relationships and integrate diverse data

  7. GIS pieces • Powerful computers with lots of RAM & storage, peripherals such as plotters, scanners, digitizers • Software: ArcGIS, Intergraph, MapInfo, MapPoint, Idrisi • Skilled operators • Data: “fuel” for GIS, two types

  8. Vector Data • Based on x, y coordinates • Points, lines and areas represent geographic entities • Points - buildings, trees, cities • Lines (arcs) - rivers, roads • Polygons = areas - lakes, buildings, forests

  9. Vector: shape plus attribute Attributes are information about the geographic features or “entities” • stored in tables • city (point): name, population, province • road (line): name, classification, load limits • lake (polygon): name, depth, type of fish, area, etc.

  10. Vector data, example 1

  11. Vector data, example 2 Quaternary Geology of Illinois

  12. Geography linked to description GIS software links the location data and the attribute data:

  13. Sample attribute data

  14. Raster Data • pixel, or cell-based • stored in rows and columns • satellite imagery, orthophotos, scanned images • No attribute data • e.g. GIF, TIFF, JPEG, BMP

  15. Raster: Digital elevation models • DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography • Grid of spot heights • Normally ascii or binary format • Becoming more popular because allows 3-D renderings • Can overlay orthophotos or satellite imagery

  16. Format information • File extension clue to type • E.g. e00 = ArcInfo Export • Good online resource at GIS Data Depot http://data.geocomm.com/helpdesk/formats.html • Useful because it sub-divides by data type

  17. Degrees in e-resources

  18. Scale in e-resources • Less important because of ability to zoom • BUT gives a measure of suitability of dataset for particular purpose • Peter Schweitzer, USGS: dilemma of scale – still a reference point for user community but not in metadata standard

  19. Scale example Same dataset of Ontario displayed at different scales Dataset suitable for display at provincial scale but not for large scale local or regional applications (look at Toronto Island) Scale information helps users make decisions about data

  20. Cartographic e-resources • Arrives via: • CD-ROM with printed cover • Diskette/CD-ROM/DVD with hand-drawn label • Downloaded & stored on hard-drive • Attached to an email • Or could be a remote resource

  21. Hardware for cataloguers • Minimum specs • large hard drive • CD-ROM drive • large monitor • sound card • 128++ MG of RAM (memory) • USGPO specifications (updated annually): • http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/fdlp/computers/rs.html

  22. Software for cataloguers • Winzip or other program to decompress zipped files • Web browser • Adobe Acrobat • Draw program to open scanned images • Optional: GIS or image processing software such as ArcView or ERDAS

  23. Getting started: is it cartographic? • LC guidelines: http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/cfmap.html • Consider as cartographic • Scanned images, digital orthophotos or remotely sensed images of earth’s surface • Data producing cartographic images when processed by software (GIS) • Atlases or multi-media atlases where significant aspect is cartographic • code “e” in leader position 06

  24. What do you have to work with?

  25. Information from back of case

  26. Geospatial data example • EXP 0 QUAT96.E00 ARC 2 1 933 35 14 15 14 11 3.4269258E+06 3.4435170E+06 3.4270260E+06 3.4436790E+06 3.4273598E+06 3.4437633E+06 3.4277350E+06 3.4439735E+06 3.4281093E+06 3.4445195E+06 3.4285255E+06 3.4449815E+06 3.4289003E+06 3.4454435E+06 3.4291665E+06 3.4459820E+06 3.4293338E+06 3.4470690E+06 3.4293428E+06 3.4471968E+06

  27. Sources for geospatial data • Title page: what’s that???? • CD-ROM cover or liner notes • label on CD-ROM or diskette • readme files on the CD-ROM or diskette • called readme or with extension .txt, .wpd, doc • metadata file • accompanying print manuals

  28. Metadata • “data about data” • Describes content, quality, accuracy of data, origins, availability • Who created data set? • When was it created? • What format is it? • How accurate is it? • How do I get the data? • Surrogate for digital data set

  29. Metadata (cont’d) • North American standard for geospatial data Content Standard for Digital Spatial Metadata (FGDC rev. 1998) http://www.fgdc.gov/metadata/contstan.html • Presidential mandate • Wide variation in types of metadata supplied • Crosswalk available between FDGC standard and MARC

  30. PRINTED MAP Cartographer Scale, projection Legend Publisher information Date GEOSPATIAL DATASET Creator Projection, units of measure, resolution Entity/attribute info Source of data Date Paper world versus Digital

  31. CSDGM overview • Provides common set of terminology and definition • Provides framework for description • Adopted by U.S. federal, state and local organizations and Canada • Standard for participation in clearinghouses and warehouses

  32. CSDGM: 7 Major Sections • Identification Information • data set title, area covered, keywords, purpose, abstract, access and use restrictions • Data Quality Information • horizontal and vertical accuracy assessment, data set completeness and lineage • Spatial Data Organization Information • raster, vector, • Spatial Reference Information • lat/long, coordinate system, or map projection

  33. CSDGM: 7 Major Sections (cont’d) • Entity and Attribute Information • definitions of the attributes of the data set • Distribution Information • distributor, file format of data, off-line media types, on-line link to data, fees • Metadata Reference Information • who created the metadata and when

  34. CSDGM: 3 Minor Sections • Citation Information • originator, title, publication date, publisher • Time Period Information • single date, multiple dates, range of dates • Contact Information • contact person and/or organization, address, phone, email

  35. Let’s look at a real example • Preliminary Geologic Map of the Santa Barbara Coastal Plain Area, Santa Barbara County, California • Available for download at: http://geology.cr.usgs.gov/pub/open-file-reports/ofr-02-0136/

  36. Open file download

  37. Cataloguers’ sources • Image file (definitely cartographic) • Readme file (explains what constitutes the dataset) • Metadata file (to intrepret the information)

  38. More information • USGS web site • ESRI web site • Online tutorials (ESRI Virtual Campus) • Online glossaries (Atlas of Canada) • Peter Dana’s web resources: • http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/datum/datum_f.html

  39. Thank you Questions????

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