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Skin and Body Membranes

Explore the functions, classifications, and structures of body membranes such as cutaneous, mucous, serous, and connective tissue membranes. Learn about skin anatomy, epidermis layers, dermis composition, and skin appendages.

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Skin and Body Membranes

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  1. Skin and Body Membranes

  2. Body Membranes • Function of body membranes • Cover body surfaces • Line body cavities • Form protective sheets around organs

  3. Classification of Body Membranes • Epithelial membranes • Cutaneous membranes - skin • Mucous membranes - tracts • Serous membranes – inside cavities • Connective tissue membranes • Synovial membranes – around joints

  4. Epithelial - Cutaneous Membrane • Cutaneous membrane = skin • Dry membrane • Outermost protective boundary • Superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium • Underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue

  5. Cutaneous Membranes Figure 4.1a

  6. Epithelial - Mucous Membranes • Surface epithelium type depends on site • Stratified squamous epithelium (mouth, esophagus) • Simple columnar epithelium (rest of digestive tract) • Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria) • Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface • Often adapted for absorption or secretion

  7. Mucous Membranes Figure 4.1b

  8. Epithelial - Serous Membranes • Surface is a layer of simple squamous epithelium • Underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar connective tissue • Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body, protects organs and secretes lubricating fluids. • Serous membranes occur in pairs separated by serous fluid • Visceral (inner) layer covers the outside of the organ • Parietal (outer) layer lines a portion of the wall of ventral body cavity

  9. Serous Membranes Figure 4.1d

  10. Serous Membranes • Specific serous membranes • Peritoneum • Abdominal cavity • Pleura • Around the lungs • Pericardium • Around the heart

  11. Serous Membranes Figure 4.1c

  12. Body Membrane - Connective Tissue Membrane • Synovial membrane • Connective tissue only • Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints • Secretes a lubricating fluid – synovial fluid

  13. Connective Tissue Membrane Figure 4.2

  14. Integumentary System – Consists of: • Skin (cutaneous membrane) • Skin derivatives – within the skin • Sweat glands • Oil glands • Hair • Nails

  15. Skin Structure • Epidermis—outer layer • Stratified squamous epithelium • Often keratinized (hardened by keratin) • Dermis • Dense connective tissue • Hypodermis • Subcutaneous – deep to dermis

  16. Skin Structure Figure 4.3

  17. Skin Structure • Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is deep to dermis • Not part of the skin • Anchors skin to underlying organs • Composed mostly of adipose tissue

  18. Layers of the Epidermis • Stratum basale (stratum germinativum) • Deepest layer of epidermis • Lies next to dermis • Cells undergoing mitosis • Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers • Stratum spinosum • Stratum granulosum

  19. Layers of the Epidermis • Stratum lucidum • Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata • Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet • Stratum corneum • Outermost layer of epidermis • Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

  20. Layers of the Epidermis • Summary of layers from deepest to most superficial • Stratum basale • Stratum spinosum • Stratum granulosum • Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only) • Stratum corneum

  21. Melanin • Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes • Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale • Color is yellow to brown to black • Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight

  22. Dermis • Two layers • Papillary layer (upper dermal region) • Projections called dermal papillae • Some contain capillary loops • Other house pain receptors and touch receptors • Reticular layer (deepest skin layer) • Blood vessels • Sweat and oil glands • Deep pressure receptors

  23. Dermis • Overall dermis structure • Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout the dermis • Collagen fibers give skin its toughness • Elastic fibers give skin elasticity • Blood vessels play a role in body temperature regulation

  24. Skin Structure Figure 4.4

  25. Normal Skin Color Determinants • Melanin • Yellow, brown, or black pigments • Carotene • Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables • Hemoglobin • Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries • Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring (more O2 more red, less O2 = bluish)

  26. Skin Appendages • Cutaneous glands are all exocrine (duct) glands • Sebaceous glands • Sweat glands • Hair • Hair follicles • Nails

  27. Appendages of the Skin • Sebaceous glands • Produce oil • Lubricant for skin • Prevents brittle hair • Kills bacteria • Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface • Glands are activated at puberty

  28. Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.6a

  29. Appendages of the Skin • Sweat glands • Produce sweat • Widely distributed in skin • Two types • Eccrine • Open via duct to pore on skin surface • Apocrine • Ducts empty into hair follicles

  30. Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.6b

  31. Sweat and Its Function • Composition • Mostly water • Salts and vitamin C • Some metabolic waste • Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only) • Function • Helps dissipate excess heat • Excretes waste products • Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth • Odor is from associated bacteria

  32. Appendages of the Skin • Hair • Produced by hair follicle • Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells • Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color

  33. Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.7c

  34. Appendages of the Skin • Hair anatomy • Central medulla • Cortex surrounds medulla • Cuticle on outside of cortex • Most heavily keratinized Figure 4.7b

  35. Appendages of the Skin • Associated hair structures • Hair follicle • Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root • Arrector pili muscle • Smooth muscle • Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened • Sebaceous gland • Sweat gland

  36. Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.7a

  37. Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.8

  38. Appendages of the Skin • Nails • Scale-like modifications of the epidermis • Heavily keratinized • Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed • Responsible for growth • Lack of pigment makes them colorless

  39. Appendages of the Skin • Nail structures • Free edge • Body is the visible attached portion • Root of nail embedded in skin • Cuticle is the proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body

  40. Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.9

  41. Six Categories of Skin Disorders • Infectious: caused by a pathogen that infects the skin or enters through an opening. • Allergic/Environmental • Trauma/Burns • Cancer • Congenital • Genetic

  42. Skin Homeostatic Imbalances • Infections • Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) • Caused by fungal infection • Boils and carbuncles • Caused by bacterial infection • Cold sores • Caused by virus

  43. Athletes Foot • Tinea pedis: Athlete’s foot resulting from a fungal infection. • Red, itchy, peeling skin. • Treatment involves an antifungal cream or pill that will destroy the pathogen. • Other similar cutaneous fungal infections include: • Ringworm • Sun spots

  44. Cutaneous Fungal Infections

  45. Boils and carbuncles • Inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. • Typically caused by bacterial infection; Staphylococcus aureus. • Easily treated with an antibiotic that will destroy the bacteria if used properly.

  46. Staph Infections and MRSA M = Methicillin, a potent antibiotic R = Resistant S = Staphylococcus A = Aureus MRSA = staph infection that is no longer cured with traditional antibiotics. 1950’s: hospital-acquired or NOSOCOMIAL infection. 1.2 million infections/19,000 deaths in 2011. Now becoming community-acquired. 19000 cMRSA deaths in 2011.

  47. What does MRSA look like?

  48. Skin Homeostatic Imbalances • Infections and Allergies • Contact dermatitis • Exposures cause allergic reaction • Impetigo • Caused by bacterial infection • Psoriasis • Cause is unknown • Triggered by trauma, infection, stress

  49. Impetigo • Bacterial infection • Pink, water-filled raised lesions. • Usually found around the mouth and nose. • HIGHLY contagious. • Common in young children. • Easily treated with antibiotics.

  50. Cold sores • Caused by herpes simplex (viral) infection. • Small, fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting. • Virus follows a cycle • Outbreaks result from environmental or emotional stresses. • OTC medications can shorten infection time or reduce the size of the lesion. • No cure.

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