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Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

Energy Research Institute, Biomass Department. Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment. UNESCOCousteau Ecotechnie Chair Future University 4.11.2010. Dr. Arig G. Bakhiet. Introd.: Energy, Development and Environment Bio fuel: Def. and Properties

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Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

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  1. Energy Research Institute, Biomass Department Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment. UNESCO\Cousteau Ecotechnie Chair Future University 4.11.2010 Dr. Arig G. Bakhiet Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  2. Introd.: Energy, Development and Environment Bio fuel: Def. and Properties BF utilization : Technical issues & Environment BF : Sustainability Considerations Way forward: Data base, Network, Guide map Presentation Content Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  3. Enviroment Definition All what surround us: • Atmosphere (Air) • Soil, Water, Natural Resources • Fauna, Flora and Living organisms • Non materialistic environment Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  4. MDG Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  5. Energy & MDG • Ability to do work (Joule, Watt) • Primary energy forms • Final energy forms • Level 1 • Basic human needs • Level 2 • Productive uses • Level 3 • Welfare Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  6. World Energy Consumption Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  7. Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  8. Source: World Bank, Source: World Bank, Source: World Bank, Source: wikimedia Source: wikimedia Energy consumption (kcal/person/day) 2001-2003. World average was 2800 kcal/person/day. Energy consumption (kcal/person/day) 2001-2003. World average was 2800 kcal/person/day. Energy consumption versus GNP Energy consumption versus GNP Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  9. Energy Consumption1-Green House Gases Six Gases: CO2, CH4, H2O, NOx, O3, CFC Increase of Earth temp.(3-5°C) Resulting in: • Increase sea level, • Different pattern ( wind, Rain and ocean) Sources:Energy and Forest depletion Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  10. Energy Consumption2-Pollution • NOx • SO2 • PM • HC • CO • Health hazard • Acid rain • Soil contaimination • Smog Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  11. Source:EIA Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  12. Uses in Europe Renewable Energy (Germany 2008) ~10% of Total enery Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  13. Bio energy Sources • Waste • Energy plants including Alage Types • Solid : wood, charcoal , resduie, • Gas :bio gas, producer gas • liquid : bio fuel Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  14. Bio fuel Sources • Direct pressing – • Reforming animal fat • Biodiesel • Chemical reaction – Ethanol ,butanol • Thermo chemical – Liquefaction of wood Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  15. Bio fuel Uses Raw material Energy Good Indirect ICE, Elect Heating ,Cooking , Lightinging Other industry Petrochemical Export / Exchange Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  16. Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  17. Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  18. Bio diesel Properties • Bio diesel is a liquid ,golden and dark brown color. Immiscible with water. • Mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats and conform to standards • Biodiesel blends are denoted as, "BXX" C.v = 37.27 MJ/L, PD 42, ( 9% < # 2 petro diesel). • Flash point (>130 °C), Pet. diesel (64), gasoline (45 ) . • Density of ~ 0.88 g/cm³, PD ( ~ 0.85 g/cm³). • Virtually no sulfur content, Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  19. Bio dieselTechnical Consideration • Higher CN • Fuel clogging • Combustability • Lubrication NOX emission Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  20. Bio dieselEmission Source: NREL Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  21. Source: NREL Variation = ± 1.5% Comparison of NOx for conventional diesel and B20 Diferent cycle and vechiles . Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  22. Biodiesel Reality Reduction of emission( CO, HC, PM) the average concentrations of total-PAHs emitted from the generator using the B10 and B20 were lower ( 38% and 28%, respectively) than those using (B0), better combustibility , Healthier and cleaner fuel have decreased levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (75-85%) and nitrited PAH compounds(50%) simpler structure better decopmostion, Global warming effect up to 78% CO 2 closed loop Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  23. Material Compatibility Plastics • High density polyethylene (HDPE), Fluorinated elastomers (FKM) is compatible • (PVC) and natural rubber are affected Metals: • Stainless steel and Aluminum are unaffected. • Copper-based materials (e.g. brass), zinc, tin, lead, and cast iron are affected. Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  24. Alcoholic fuels • Ethanol or ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) is a clear colourless liquid, biodegradable, low in toxicity, • Butanol (C4H10O) is a 4-carbon alcohol, clear, colorless liquid, banana-like odor produced as by product of fermentation and used in petrochemical, perfumes • Higher oxgyen content run at richer mixtures (gasolin) Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  25. Formation of bioethanol • Glucose is created by Photosynthesis • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 • Fermentation : ethanol, CO2 • C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2 + heat • Combustion:Heat ,CO2 C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + heat Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  26. Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  27. Viscosity Kinematic viscosity ( 20°C) Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  28. Butanol/Ethanol Postiv • higher energy content • easily blended with conventional gasoline at higher concentrations than ethanol for use in unmodified engines. • less susceptible to separation in the presence of water (than ethanol), simpler distribution systems . • less corrosive than ethanol. • hydrogen content candiate for hydrogen generation Negativ • More ethanol refining facilities but flexiable change from ethanol • Complicated and expensiv technology Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  29. Blending and octane number Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  30. BTL Fischer–Tropsch: series of chemical reactions that lead to a variety of hydrocarbons. ( n/2 +m) H2+ m CO→ Cm H n+ mH2O 150–300 °C Flash pyrolsis: minimuim oxgyen combustion 350-550°C Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  31. Production Aspects Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  32. Energy Sustainability • Availability • Accessibility • Efficiency Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  33. Consideration Avaiability • Production : Area , continuity Productivity: GMO, chemicals Environment: Soil, fauna and flora Accessibility • Production Logistics • Transformation technique • Consumption logistic Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  34. Availability Ethanol productivity/ha ( sugarcane , Brazil) 1975 - 2004 Source: Goldemberg (2008 Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  35. Availability Criteria • Fuel (Pet)cost • Land (Agri) cost • Resource cost • food • feed • Opportunity cost • Tourism, • Carbon capture Farm related • Kg/ha • Liter /kg • J/liter, m3 • J/ha Man related • $/J Machine related • CO2aq(g)/J Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  36. Source: FNR Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  37. Cultivation limitations Jatrofa Tree • Monocroping • losses of food, feed • biodiversity threat • (internal) Emission Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  38. Cost and Subsidy B20 is15% >B0 (July 2009,US DOE) Source: FNR Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  39. Life cycle1- efficiency Net energy • Biodiesel 3.20 • Ethanol 1.3 • Petrodiesel -0.843 • Gasoline -0.805 Source: NREL 27 % more energy is used Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  40. Life cycle2- CO2 Emission Source: FNR Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  41. Way Forward Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  42. Energy Balance in Sudan By Type • Pertol 33 % • Electricity 2 % • Biomass 65 % By Sector • House hold 47% • Industry 17% • Agriculture 1% Transport: 23 % (Total) 63 % (Pet) Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  43. Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  44. Way Forward Database • Area, productivity, • Standards and specification • Needed infrastructure -Logistic Envirnoment Political will: Legisation , mainstreaming Pulbic involvem: Awarness, advocacy Techical know-how : Education and reserach Networking • Scientist , private sectors, consumer, goverment Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  45. Guide Map Impact of Biofuels Production and Application on the Environment.

  46. Thanks for Your Attention

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