Janice Lapsansky janice.lapsansky@wwu x7337 Office: BI 305

1. "It is not a simple life to be a single cell, although I have no right to say so, having been a single cell so long ago myself that I have no memory at all of that stage of my life."     — Lewis Thomas.

2. Janice Lapsanskyjanice.lapsansky@wwu.edu x7337 Office: BI 305 Office Hours M 3, W 9, F 1, & by appt. (sign-up on office door) Hyla regilla, Green tree frog

3. Learning Objectives 2/11/08 • Introduction to Animal Biology • Review major themes (206) in the context of animal biology • Continue integration of understanding in 206 & across 200-level sequence • Describe how animals are organized (molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, whole organism, & ecosystem levels). • correlate structure and function • Explain the relationship between size and complexity in animal body organization & their interaction with the environment.

4. Thematic Questions: • What is an animal? • How would you know? • How could you be sure? • What are the key concepts in animal evolution? • What are the “problems” that all animals must solve, and what adaptations have produced tentative solutions to these challenges in a variety of environments? Differentiate between “adaptation” and “acclimation”.

5. What is an Animal? (Review Ch. 32) • Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic • Do sponges fall into this category? Why or why not? • Cnidaria? • Animal cells lack cell walls for support • Do all animals have a skeleton? • What forms might a skeleton take? • How is cell growth & reproduction different in plant and animal cells? • Animal cells may be joined by unique types of intercellular junctions • What purpose(s) might these junctions serve?

6. What is an Animal? (continued) • Animals have unique tissue types that enable electrical impulse conduction and movement • Name the (4) basic tissue types. Which can conduct electricity? • Animals have distinguishing features in their life history • Sexual reproduction (for most) • Dominant diploid stage • Developmental strategies (“phase change”)

7. Animal Tissues • Group of similar cells • common embryonic origin • common function • bound together by intercellular substance • 4 basic types • What types of cells are found in these tissues? • What are some of the functions of these cells? p. 916

8. Epithelial Tissues Named according to - cell shape -arrangement Which would you predict provides the greatest protection? Which is/are involved in transport?

9. Connective Tissues Describe the role of matrix in c.t. Describe the function of Mast cells.

10. Nervous Tissue: A Multipolar Neuron Describe the relation- ship between structure and function for these cells. Differentiate between axons & dendrites. What are the other small dark-staining bodies surrounding this neuron?

11. Muscle Tissues What intracellular components are responsible for contraction? Which tissue is involuntarily controlled? …voluntarily controlled?

12. Structure of an organ (example) Describe how organs & systems represent a “division of labor”. nervous? muscular connective epithelial

13. Both plants and animals have tissues, so what makes animal anatomy so different? 1. Like plants, most animals are aquatic, so they’re not really that different 3. Some animals undergo a drastic change in anatomy known as metamorphosis 2. Animal tissues become highly specialized, unlike plant meristem tissues. 4. All animals have brains (as well as brawn).

14. Constraints on the size and shape of an animal p. 921

15. Bioenergetics • All living things exchange energy and materials with their environment • The [finite] energy obtained from the oxidation of energy nutrients is allocated within the animal • support & movement • growth & repair • temperature regulation • reproduction • Metabolic rate can be measured • heat production • oxygen consumption (or CO2 production)

16. Surface to Volume Ratio (S/V) • As size increases, volume (and weight) increases more rapidly • The need for nutrient and waste exchange is directly related to the volume of the animal body How does the design of large-bodied animals provide the surface area for adequate exchange with the environment? Is it safe to assume that small animals are primitive and large animals more specialized? Fig. 41.9

17. BMR and body size What is BMR, and can you measure it in a snake or fish? p.923

18. Animal Adaptations & the External Environment How predictable are these external environments? • Sea • Freshwater • Land Can an animal conform to the external conditions? Things to consider: • oxygen availability • desiccation threat • temperature • food and water availability • salt content

19. Other variations in form and lifestyle… • Colonial organization • e.g. corals, bees • Symbiotic organization • commensalism • mutualism • parasitism • Activity level & posture Is the parasitic lifestyle associated with particular body form characteristics?

20. Homeostasis of Body Fluids • Separation of fluid compartments • intracellular fluid (ICF) = within cells • extracellular fluid (ECF) = outside cells • Composition of fluids change as substances move between compartments • nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, ions and wastes move in both directions What mechanisms move solutes between compartments? What two forces move water between compartments?

21. Differential Distribution of Solutes in the ICF and ECF

22. Regulating the Internal Environment The boundary organ concept… … and homeostasis Describe the characteristics of “transport epithelia”.

23. How is this (homeostasis) controlled?

24. Components of aNegativeFeedback Loop • Receptor • Control Center • Effector p. 925 • Other mechanisms: • Positive Feedback • Feedforward

25. The concept best illustrated in this carton is… • Animals employ homeostatic mechanisms to adapt to any environment • Animals often alter their environment to improve their chance of survival • Animals require specific environmental conditions to survive • Animals can survive abrupt climate change • Others?