1 / 40

Personality and its Assessment Part I Chapter 12

Personality and its Assessment Part I Chapter 12. Overview. Defining Personality Theories of Personality Psychodynamic Behavioural Trait and Type Lab Assignment. Defining Personality. Personality

mvitiello
Download Presentation

Personality and its Assessment Part I Chapter 12

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Personality and its AssessmentPart IChapter 12

  2. Overview • Defining Personality • Theories of Personality • Psychodynamic • Behavioural • Trait and Type • Lab Assignment

  3. Defining Personality • Personality • a pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics that leads to some consistency in a person’s behaviour

  4. That’s what personality is…but how do we get one? • Genetics • Society • Culture • Personal Experience • Unconscious

  5. Theories of Personality should: • Answer the what, how and why of human behaviour • Explain personality: • Development, structure, processes, psychopathology and change • Be tested and evaluated for validity and reliability

  6. Major Theories of Personality • Psychodynamic • Behavioural • Trait and Type • Humanistic • Cognitive

  7. Psychodynamic Theories

  8. Psychodynamic Theories • Central Concept: • Focus on how unconscious processes direct day-to-day behaviour

  9. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • Developed the most famous psychoanalytic theory of human behavior • Developed his theory while treating people with physical and mental difficulties • Theory focused on early childhood experiences and fantasies

  10. Three levels of consciousness Three basic structures of the mind Personality shaped by early childhood experiences Punishment of a child’s sexual and aggressive behaviours results in repression of part of these experiences and leads to psychological conflict Conflict creates anxiety, and people protect themselves against anxiety with defence mechanisms Freud’s Assumptions

  11. Levels of Mental Life • Consciousness • experiences we are aware of at any given moment • Preconscious • Experiences that are not conscious, but which may become so • Unconscious • Experiences beyond the realm of awareness • ‘Freudian Slip’

  12. Structures of the Mind • The Id • source of a person’s instinctual energy • sexual and aggressive • pleasure principle

  13. Structures of the Mind • The Superego • Provides ego ideal • Provides Conscience • Idealistic Principle

  14. Structures of the Mind • The Ego • Mediates between the id and superego • Reality Principle • Utilizes defence mechanisms

  15. Defence Mechanisms • Used by ego • Resolve conflict between id and superego • Distort reality • Unconscious level

  16. Defence mechanisms • Everyone uses defence mechanisms • Psychological disturbances may occur when they are taken to the extreme.

  17. Defence Mechanisms Ego keeps threatening impulses out of awareness. Repression Ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities. Denial Projection Ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems, and faults to others. ReactionFormation Ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite.

  18. Defence Mechanisms Ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress. Regression Displacement Ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object. Sublimation Ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one. Ego replaces a less acceptable unconscious thought or impulse with a more acceptable conscious one. Rationalization

  19. Guess the Defence Mechanism… • After receiving a low grade on an exam, Phil slams the door as he leaves the classroom • George feels that his youngest son, Gary, is unattractive and not very smart. He accuses his wife of picking on Gary and favoring their other son.

  20. Guess the Defence Mechanism… • Sue, a first year university student responds to a bad mark by stomping her feet, crying, and sitting in the corner. • 16 year old Tom had started using drugs, and the changes in his behavior made it pretty obvious, but Tom’s parents did not believe the school principal when she called to talk with them about the problem

  21. Guess the Defence Mechanism… • May people who suffered the atrocities of concentration camps are unable to recall events that happened in the camps • Lucy dresses in provocative clothes and uses suggestive language although she fears that she in unattractive and she really isn’t very interested in sex

  22. Guess the Defence Mechanism… • Bob and his wife had an argument which resulted in Bob feeling very angry. He went to the gym to lift weights rather than acting out his aggression on her. • Karen discovered that a department store clerk gave her too much change. She tells herself ‘oh well, they charge too much anyway’ I’ll keep it.

  23. Development of Personality according to Freud • Five psychosexual stages • Erogenous zones • Body part that represents primary focus of gratification. • Fixation • Arrest in development when the conflicts of a particular stage are not properly resolved

  24. Oral Stage • Birth – 2 years • Gratification through oral activities • Dependent on caregiver for gratification • Traits of Fixation

  25. Anal Stage • 2 – 3 years • Pleasure centers on elimination of bowels • Conflicts with societal expectations • Traits of Fixation

  26. Phallic Stage • 4 – 7 years • Focused on genitalia • Oedipus complex • Castration anxiety • Penis envy • Superego acquisition • Traits of Fixation • Vanity/self-hatred • Flirtatiousness/shyness • Promiscuity/chastity

  27. Latency Stage • 7 years – Puberty • Focus on skill acquisition • Sexual urges are inactive (latent)

  28. Genital Stage • Puberty – adulthood • Sexuality re-emerges • Must resolve fears and repressed feelings of earlier stages in order to develop a mature love relationship.

  29. BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVE

  30. BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVE • Personality =stable behavioural tendencies learned through experiences • Personality is acquired through: • reinforcement/punishment • natural selection • cultural evolution

  31. TRAIT & TYPE THEORIES Allport – Personal Disposition Cattell – Trait Theory EYSENCK: Factor Theory The Five Factor Model

  32. Trait: Types: TRAITS & TYPES

  33. ALLPORT: Personal Disposition Theory • Personal dispositions: • Cardinal trait:

  34. Central traits: Secondary traits: ALLPORT: Personal Disposition Theory

  35. CATTELL: Trait Theory Factor analysis: statistical procedure which analyzes groups of variables to detect which are related Surface Traits: obvious, day-to-day traits Source Traits: higher-order, “deep” traits

  36. Eysenck: Factor Theory TYPES: higher levels of trait organization that incorporate lower-level elements (traits) TRAITS: incorporates even lower-order qualities (habits)

  37. PEN Model (Types) (P): Psychoticism-Superego Function (3) (E) Extraversion-Introversion (1) (N)Neuroticism-Stability (2) Eysenck’s Factor Theory

  38. The Five Factor Model • Five Factor Model or Big Five • Five factors as “supertraits” • State v. Trait

  39. The Five Factor Model • Extraversion-introversion • Agreeableness-antagonism

  40. Five Factor Model Conscientiousness-undirectedness Neuroticism-stability Openness to experience

More Related