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Medical Terminology II

Medical Terminology II. Endocrine System Ch 18. Endocrine system Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Ovary Testis. Endocrine System:. Links the brain to the organs that control body metabolism, growth and development and reproduction.

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Medical Terminology II

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  1. Medical Terminology II Endocrine System Ch 18

  2. Endocrine system • Pineal gland • Pituitary gland • Thyroid gland • Thymus • Adrenal gland • Pancreas • Ovary • Testis

  3. Endocrine System: • Links the brain to the organs that control body metabolism, growth and development and reproduction. • Regulates through negative feedback. • Increases in hormone activity decrease the production of that hormone. • The immune system and other factors contribute as control factors also, altogether maintaining constant levels of hormones

  4. Ductless Glands • Glands secrete chemical messengers called hormones that circulate throughout the body via the circulatory system. • Cells within body tissue interpret the messages and act on them.

  5. Pituitary and Pineal Glands source: http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit6_3_endo_glnds1_pituitary.html

  6. Pineal Gland • Responsible for the production of melatonin which is regulated by circadian rhythm. • The production of melatonin by the pineal gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light (Axelrod, 1970) • The pineal gland is large in children, but shrinks at puberty • Play a major role in sexual development, • The abundant melatonin levels in children is believed to inhibit sexual development. When puberty arrives, melatonin production is reduced.

  7. Pituitary Gland Pituitary gland illustration, from Gray's Anatomy(1918).

  8. Pituitary Gland • Two sections: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe • Posterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) • connected to the hypothalamus at the base of the brain via the infundibulum (or stalk), • It does not produce its own hormones, but only stores and releases the hormones oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH - also known as vasopressin). • Anterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). • The anterior pituitary lobe receives releasing hormones from the hypothalamus via the portal vein system.

  9. Pituitary Gland Hormones Anterior Pituitary Gland (adenohypophysis) • Growth hormone (GH) • Prolactin (PRL) • Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH, corticotropin) • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) • Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH, a gonadotropin) • Luteinizing hormone (LH is a gonadotropin) • Posterior Pituitary Gland (neurohypophysis) • Oxytocin (ocytocin) • Arginine Vasopressin (AVP; also ADH, antidiuretic hormone)

  10. Pituitary, Hypothalamus

  11. Thalamus, hypothalamus

  12. Hypothalamus • Links the nervous system and endocrine • Neurons within the hypothalamus- produces and secretes neurohormones • control the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH). • Neurons are linked to the limbic system which controls emotions and sexual activity. • Hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst and circadian cycles.

  13. Hormones of the Hypothalamus • Thyrotropic-releasing hormone (TRH) • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) • Growth hormone- releasing hormone (GHRH) • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) • Somatostatin (SS; also GHIH, growth factor-inhibiting hormone) • Dopamine(DA)

  14. Gonads • Male Tissues • Testes • Androgens- testosterone • In females only • Ovarian follicle • Estrogens- estradiol • Testosterone • Corpus Luteum • Progesterone • Estrogens estradiol • Placenta only during pregnancy • Progesterone • Estrogens • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) • Human Placental Lactogen(HPL)

  15. Adrenal Glands

  16. Adrenal Glands • Found on the superior margin of the kidneys • name indicates position (ad, "near" or "at" + renes, "kidneys"). • Regulate the body’s response to stress • They synthesis corticosteroids and catecholamines (cortisol and adrenaline)

  17. Illu_thyroid_parathyroid.jpg (17KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)

  18. The primary function of the thyroid is production of the hormones thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin • Thyroxine and triiodothyronine both stimulate the brain • Calcitonin regulates calcium in the bloodstream and storage in the bones.

  19. Thyroid Gland • Produces the following hormones: • Triiodothyronine (T3), the potent form of thyroid hormone • Thyroxine (T4), a less active form of thyroid hormone • Calcitonin • Parathyroid Gland • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

  20. Parathyroid Glands • Produces parathyroid hormones that take part in the control of calcium and phosphorus balance and bone tissue functioning. • Stimulates Osteoclasts • When blood calcium levels drop in the blood, calcium-sensing receptors in the parathyroid gland are activated to release hormone into the blood. • The sole purpose is to regulate the calcium level in our bodies within a very narrow range so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly

  21. Pancreas Pancreas.jpg (101KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) From Gray's Anatomy(1918)

  22. Thymus • Thymus1.png (41KB, MIME type: image/png)

  23. The thymus plays an important role in the development of the immune system in early life, and its cells form a part of the body's normal immune system. It is most active before puberty, after which it shrinks in size and activity in most individuals and is replaced with fat. • The key function of the thymus is the selection of the T cell repertoire that the immune system uses to combat infections.

  24. Diseases: Thyroid • Thyroid Gland • Goiter- endemic goiter in regions of the world due to iodine deficiencies- causes a fat neck • Nodular Goiter- hyperplasia or adenomas • Hypothyroidism- slow or no thyroid activity • Myxedema- adult disease where thyroid atrophies mucus like material under the skin • Cretinism- extremely low thyroid activity during childhood leads to lack of normal physical and mental growth • Adenomas benign growths • Cancers- Carcinomas- malignant growths • Hyperthyroidism- Thyrotoxicosis or Graves Disease- excessive hormone production causes extreme thinness • Thyroid storm- fast onset of hyperthyroidism • Exophthalmos- protruding eyeballs

  25. Diseases: Adrenal Gland • Adrenal virilism- excessive output of androgens • Cushing Syndrome excess cortical- causes fatty deposits on back and around face and tumors of the lungs and thyroid glands • Addisons Disease- causes fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure

  26. Diseases:Pancreas • Diabetes Mellitus • Type 1 onset in childhood usually genetic • Type 2 onset in adulthood usually related to obesity, and age • Hyperinsulinism

  27. Diseases: Pituitary Gland Anterior • Acromegaly- increase in the size of the extremities after puberty • Giantism- increase in entire body size before puberty • Dwarfism- congenital hyposeretion of growth hormone • Panhypopituitarism- all pituitary hormones are deficient • Hypersecretion too much ADH causes excess water retention

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