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Unit 2

Unit 2. Ch 6-11 Inputs to US Government. Quiz. Briefly explain the 3 “waves” of immigration. What is the #1 source of a citizen’s political socialization? Explain the “gender gap”. What is the mandate theory of elections? How does personal income influence which party someone votes for?.

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Unit 2

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  1. Unit 2 Ch 6-11 Inputs to US Government

  2. Quiz • Briefly explain the 3 “waves” of immigration. • What is the #1 source of a citizen’s political socialization? • Explain the “gender gap”. • What is the mandate theory of elections? • How does personal income influence which party someone votes for?

  3. Demography • Statistical study of populations • Ex. of demographic groups • Income • Race/ethnicity • Age • Marriage status • Education • Religion • Occupation • Gender • Urban/rural • Home ownership

  4. Generations • Baby boomers (born 1946-mid 60s) • Highest birthrates in last 90 years • In 1965, 40% of USA was under 20 • Oldest ones are retiring now • 3 most recent presidents • Clinton & GW Bush born 1946 • Obama born 1961

  5. # of babies born in USA

  6. Other generations • Generation X (mid 60s-early 80s) • Millennials/Gen Y (80s-early 90s) • Later generations tend to be: • More cynical / less trusting • More likely to be independents • MUCH less politically active

  7. Graying of America • Average age in US higher than ever • Fewer babies born • Fertility rate dropping • Elderly are living longer • Better healthcare than ever before • Strong 20th C economy – people could retire then live long & prosper

  8. Demography • Dependency ratio • Measures how much of population supported by productive population • Low dependency ratios: better ability for country to grow economically

  9. Immigration • Movement of people into a country • Emigration – movement away • Slaves don’t count in immigration numbers – assumes intentional

  10. Immigration • Phases: • Colonies – most immigrants were European indentured servants • Mid-19th C – most from north Europe • Late 19th- early 20th C – south & east Europe • Post 1965 – Latin America & Asia

  11. Movement within US • Urbanization • Urban = 2500 • Rural % of population in steady decline • 1800 – 95% rural / 5% urban • 1890 – 65% rural / 35% urban • 1920 – urban > rural • 1990 – 25% rural / 75% urban

  12. Movement within US • Great Migration (1914-1960s) • Blacks moved from rural south to big cities (often in other areas of US)

  13. African American concentration

  14. Movement within US • Rust Belt to Sun Belt • Since 1960s/1970s • 25 electoral votes moved from Rust to Sun since 1970 • All elected presidents 1964-2004 were from Sun Belt

  15. Sun Belt Migration • Invention of air conditioning • Transportation / communication • Retirement • Industry moved from MW to SE/SW • Immigration

  16. Political beliefs • Ideology • Beliefs of an individual • Political culture • Beliefs of society as a whole • Americans basically agree on virtually all issues

  17. Political ideology • Easily broken out into 2 areas: • Economic Policy • Taxation level • Amount of business regulation • Free trade v. protectionism • Social Policy • Gov involvement in private lives

  18. Major American Ideologies • Conservatism • Limited economic policy • Fewer business regulations • Lower taxes & spending • Active social policy • More rules on personal life

  19. Major American Ideologies • Liberalism • Active economic policy • More business regulations • Higher taxes & spending • Limited social policy • Fewer laws restricting behavior

  20. Less Common Ideologies • Libertarianism • Limited both economic & social policy • As little government as possible • Socialism • Active both economic & social policy • Government major player – all of life

  21. Ideology and Political Parties • Ideology ≠ political party membership • Liberals tend to be Democrats • Conservatives tend to be Republicans • BUT NOT ALWAYS Party identification MUCH more complicated

  22. Ideology and Political Parties • Political Socialization • Process people develop political beliefs • There are many sources: • Media / school / peers • Race / age / income / religion / gender • ABSOLUTE #1 source: PARENTS

  23. Does media influence us? • Not as much as we think • More influence: • Which issues are important • Less influence: • What to believe about issues

  24. Cleavages • Divisions of society that cause people to vote differently • Differences in voting reflect differences in demographics

  25. Cleavages • Reinforcing cleavages • Social differentiations coincide • If incomes, regions, races, religions create redundant political divisions • Pushes people farther apart • Less chance of compromise • More oppressive / civil war more likely

  26. Cleavages • Cross-cutting cleavages • Social differentiations cancel out • If region, religion, race, etc. don’t result in same difference over & over • Healthier society – not always us vs. them (because they’re evil) • Relatively moderate, non-ideological, weaker political parties – like USA

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