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ERGONOMICS Recognition of Work-Related Musculoskeletal, Nerve Disease

ERGONOMICS Recognition of Work-Related Musculoskeletal, Nerve Disease. What is Ergonomics?. Ergonomics is the science of fitting the job to the worker. Ergonomics refers to a work environment designed to maximize safety and increase productivity. What is Ergonomics Gone Bad?.

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ERGONOMICS Recognition of Work-Related Musculoskeletal, Nerve Disease

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  1. ERGONOMICSRecognition of Work-Related Musculoskeletal, Nerve Disease

  2. What is Ergonomics? • Ergonomics is the science of fitting the job to the worker. • Ergonomics refers to a work environment designed to maximize safety and increase productivity.

  3. What is Ergonomics Gone Bad? • When there is a mismatch between the physical requirements of the job and the physical capacity of the worker, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) may result.

  4. Ergonomic Disease • Repetitive motion injury • Cumulative trauma disorder • Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) • Repetitive stress injury • Sprains, strains, tears

  5. Musculoskeletal Disorders • Injuries or disorders of: • muscles • tendons • ligaments • nerves (compression or entrapment) • spinal discs • joints and cartilage

  6. Signs and Symptoms • Muscle pain • Joint pain • Swelling • Numbness • Restricted motion • Low back pain

  7. Musculoskeletal Disorders • UpperExtremities • Upper Back • Lower Back • Feet and Legs • Hands • Arms • Shoulder • Neck

  8. Benefits of Good Ergonomics • Decreased injury risk • Increased productivity • Decreased mistakes/rework • Decreased lost work days • Decreased turnover • Improved moral

  9. Risk Factors for Ergonomic Hazards

  10. Repetitive Motion/Cycle • Same repetitive task • Use of same muscle groups • Short cycle (~<2/min)

  11. Awkward Posture Twisting Overhead Reach

  12. Force • Heavy lifting • Forceful exertions, pulling, pushing, twisting

  13. Contact Stress • Using the hand or knee as a “hammer”

  14. Vibration • Whole body vibration • e.g.., Crane operators, truck drivers • Segmental vibration • Pneumatic tools, grinders

  15. Risk Factors Also Depend On: • Duration of stress • Amount of recovery time • Temperature • Decrease blood flow to muscles (cold)

  16. And a Higher Risk Occurs When: • Risk factors are multiple

  17. Controlling Ergonomic Hazards

  18. Control Hierarchy • Engineering controls • Physical changes • Administrative controls • Employee rotation • Change of pace • Job enlargement • Work practice controls • Utilization of better procedures, posture • Personal Protective equipment

  19. Manual Material Handling and Back Protection

  20. Acute vs. Chronic Stressors • Acute: • Where the injury arises from a single identifiable event - when transient loads exceed internal tolerances. • Chronic: • Where repeated trauma (albeit incapable of injury in isolation), after sufficient duration, reduces internal capacity resulting in eventual injury. • Microtrauma

  21. Back Injury • Muscle • Ligament • Vertebrae • Discs

  22. Awkward posture Sitting Static, bent postures Fatigue/aging Whole body vibration Ergonomic Risk Factors for Backs

  23. Handling excessive weight/force Load size Frequency of lifting Grip consideration Poor physical condition Ergonomic Risk Factors for Backs

  24. Kinds of Back Injuries • Back strains-When weak or tense muscles are stretched beyond their limit • Back sprains-A partial or complete tear of a back ligament • Herniated discs-Resulting when stress, strain or gradual deterioration on a disc causes it to stick out between the vertebrae • Ruptured discs-When the wall of a disc breaks open.

  25. Upper Extremities Work-Related MSDs

  26. Pain Inflammation Swelling Numbness Decrease in range of motion Loss of function Cycle of injury Effects

  27. UECTD Risk Factors Awkward Wrist Postures

  28. Tendon Disorders • Tendonitis: • Fibers can become inflamed, fray or tear apart, tendons can thicken, become bumpy and irregular and without sufficient recovery time become permanently weakened

  29. Tendon Disorders • Epicondylitis • Lateral epicondylitis - tennis elbow (inflammation of tendon fibers - outside of elbow) Source: American Society for Surgery of the Hand • Medial epicondylitis or golfers elbow (inside)

  30. Tendon Disorders Rotator cuff tendonitis • Repetitive overhead work • Elevated elbows Source:NIH, Medline Plus

  31. Tendons • Stenosing Tenosynovitis (progressive restriction of the synovial sheath) • De Quervain’s disease (thumb tendons)

  32. Tendons Tenosynovitis (injury of the synovial sheath) • Trigger finger (stenosing • tenosynovitis crepitans) • Ganglionic cyst (swelling of the synovial fluid) Source: Cleveland Clinic

  33. Nerve Disorders • Injuries or disorders of the median nerve: • Carpal tunnel syndrome (compression of he median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel) • Pronator syndrome (compression of median nerve as it passes between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle)

  34. Cubital Tunnel Pain/Numbness www.medicalmultimediagroup.com

  35. Bursitis • Shoulder Bursitis • Bursa irritated and • thickens with overuse

  36. Neurovascular Disorders • Thoracic outlet syndrome - Caused by compression of the neurovascular bundle from repetitive activities overhead or with the arm pulled down towards the back

  37. Neck Disorders • Tension or ache in the neck (local muscle tightness/spasm) • Numbness in the arms or hands (nerve impingement)

  38. Lower Extremities Work-Related MSDs

  39. Knee Disorders • Chondromalacia: degeneration (softening) of the cartilage on the posterior aspect of the kneecap • Bursitis of the knee

  40. Lower leg disorders • Shin splints: involve damage to one of two groups of muscles along the shin bone (caused by standing for a long time or repetitive stress to the lower leg)

  41. Foot Disorders • Plantar fasciitis (inflammation of the plantar fascia--the tissue that forms the arch of the foot) • Tarsal tunnel syndrome • (entrapment of the tibial • nerve)

  42. Reduce forces Work Tool Design

  43. Use power grip Work Tool Design

  44. Use optimal grasp span Work Tool Design

  45. Work Environmental Concerns(Heat Stress,Energy Expenditure and Vibration)

  46. Heat stroke Heat exhaustion Heat cramp Heat collapse Heat rash Heat fatigue Heat Disorders

  47. Heat Stress Operations • Iron and steel foundries • Nonferrous foundries • Brickfiring and ceramic plants • Glass product facilities • Rubber product factories

  48. Factors Affecting Susceptibility to Heat • Age • Weight • Degree of physical fitness and acclimatization • Metabolism

  49. Environmental Factors • Air movement • Humidity • Conduction • Radiant heat exchange

  50. Engineering Controls • Ventilation • Air cooling • Fans • Shielding • Insulation

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