Adult Education approaches

1. Adult Education approaches Dhaka, 2008

2. Millenium Goals 189 UN member states signedwww.gapminder.org • Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger • Achieve Universal Primary Education • Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women • Reduce Child Mortality • Improve Maternal Health • Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases • Ensure Environmental Sustainability • Develop a Global Partnership for Development

3. Carbon dioxide tonnes per person, 2002

4. Girls/boy ratio in school compared to GNP

5. Graph 2: Fertility rate versus GNP

6. Goal 7: “Ensure Environmental Sustainability” Targets for 2015 • Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resources. • Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water. • Achieve significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020. Progress towards 8 goals is tracked using observed data and indicators: http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal7.cfm

7. Child under five nutrition, 2004

8. Children’s Nutrition, 1990

9. % Women in parliament

10. % Women in parliament, 2006

11. Strategic analysis • A SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture or in any other situation requiring a decision. • Involves monitoring the internal and external potential factors to a project.

12. Performing the Analysis • 1st step -- definition of the desired end state or objective in need of analysis. Make it explicit – e.g., Microenterprise as a strategy for gender equity/women’s empowerment.

13. Identify and List SWOTs Second Step: Identify and List SWOTs • Strengths: helpful aspects for achieving the objective within organization (e.g., microenterprise). • Weaknesses: harmful aspects to achieving the objective within organiization (e.g., microenterprise). • Opportunities: external conditions helpful to achieving the objective. • Threats: external conditions harmful to achieving the objective.

14. Creative Generation of Possible Strategies The SWOTs are used as inputs to the creative generation of possible strategies, by asking and answering the following four questions: • 1. How can we use each Strength? • 2. How can we stop each Weakness? • 3. How can we exploit each Opportunity? • 4. How can we defend against each Threat?

15. Internal versus External Factors SWOT groups key pieces of information into two main categories: • Internal factors - The 'strengths' and 'weaknesses' internal to the organization, i.e., its strategies, personnel, finance, capabilities. • External factors - The 'opportunities' and 'threats' presented by the external environment (PEST --political, economic, social and technological).

16. References Adams, J. (2005) Analyze Your Company Using SWOTs, Supply House Times, Vol. 48 Issue 7, pp. 26-28. De Witt, B. and Meyer, R. (1998) Strategy: Process, Content, Context, 2nd ed., Oxford: International Thompson Business Press. Hill, T. and Westbrook, R. (1997) SWOT Analysis: It's Time for a Product Recall, Long Range Planning, Vol. 30 Issue 1, pp.13-16. Markides, C. (1999) Six Principles of Breakthrough Strategy, Business Strategy Review, July-August, pp.30-34. Mintzberg, H. (1990) The Design School: Reconsidering the Basic Premises of Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 11 pp.171-195. Thompson, J. (2002) Strategic Management, 4th Edition, London: Thomson. Weihrich, H. (1982) The TOWS matrix: a tool for situational analysis, Journal of Long Range Planning, Vol. 15 Issue 2, pp.12-14.

17. Women in Microcredit Groups Access to financial services for women including training. Increase & diversify incomes – purdah to respect for capability & assets Build assets, Increase decision-making power in family and public life with more women elected. Mitigate risk/less hazard, Plan for the future Lesser population growth, More mobility Increase food consumption, Invest in education & health, housing, water, sanitation, Greater control of women over resources Research by Donor Information Resource Center.www.microfinancegateway.org, Karim 2004, Littlefield 2004

18. Grameen Bank Microenterprise women focused • 97 per cent Women • No Collateral, No Legal Instrument, No Group-Guarantee or Joint Liability • Recovery Rate 98 per cent • Scholarships and Education Loans • Scholarships are given, every year, to the high performing children of Grameen borrowers, with priority on girl children, to encourage them to stay ahead to their classes.

19. Key Features of BRAC • Primary target group is women. • BRAC recognized women as the primary caregivers who would ensure the education of their children and the subsequent inter-generational sustainability of their families and households. • Microfinance under BRAC's Economic Development programme with Health, Education and other Social Development programmes, linking all the programmes strategically to counter poverty.

20. Strengths: Women’s saving groups: • BRAC members of 4 years increased household expenses by 28% and assets by 112%. • Grameen members enjoy 28% higher income than that of the members of non-participants. • Fewer BRAC clients suffered severe nutrition than non-BRAC clients. • 5% of total borrowers of BRAC graduate and find permanent exit from poverty each year. • appear to have better nutrition, health practices, and health outcomes compare to control group. • Higher rate of contraceptive use Source: Littlefield et al. 2003

21. Strengths: Enhancing children’s education • Children of microfinance clients are more likely to go to school due to awareness and access provided by the NGOs • A longitudinal study shows that BRAC is able to increase the basic competency in reading, writing, and arithmetic among children from 12% in 1992 to 24% in 1995 (within 3 years) • Improving health outcomes for women and children • Households of microfinance clients appear to have better nutrition, health practices, and health outcomes compare to any control group without microfinance Source: Littlefield et al. 2003

22. Weaknesses • Loan proxy (men often control loans) • High interest rates (15% charged on full loan rate all year, even though paying back principal weekly – actual interest 30%) • Indebtedness can cause stress and violence • Women often have to make secondary loans to pay back first loan • Increasing need for dowry

23. Opportunities • External development agencies could focus $ and spending on women or family to open up markets for women’s products (seldom done presently). • Could combine with goals of sustainable development to ensure long term prosperity.

24. Threats • Microenterprise activities unsustainable • Interest rates increase – creating more indebtedness.

25. Body Mapping • 1. How many years of teaching do you have? (0-50 years) • 2. How much time is spent in lecturing in your classes? (0% to 100%) • 3. How importance is it for Bangladesh to achieve sustainable development? (not at all to very important) • 4. How important is it for Bangladesh to achieve gender equity? (not at all to very important) • 5. How important is gender equity for sustainable development? (not at all to very important)