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14.1

14.1. (b). (b). (a). (a). (c). (c). (e). (e). (f). (f). (d). (d). E = -1.257(S) 0.74. 14.2. 14.3. + Monkeys. + Tarsiers. Fovea. - Lemurs, lorises. - Insectivores. Loss of fovea. + Birds. + Reptiles. Fovea. +: Color vision - : No color vision. 14.4. (a). Wow!. (b).

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14.1

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  1. 14.1 (b) (b) (a) (a) (c) (c) (e) (e) (f) (f) (d) (d)

  2. E = -1.257(S)0.74 14.2

  3. 14.3 + Monkeys + Tarsiers Fovea - Lemurs, lorises - Insectivores Loss of fovea + Birds + Reptiles Fovea +: Color vision - : No color vision

  4. 14.4 (a) Wow! (b) humm… (c) Wow!

  5. 14.5 Plesiadapiformes Prosimians Plesiadapis Notharctus

  6. Humans Chimpanzee Bonobo 7-5 Mya Africa 9 Mya Gorilla Ouranopithecus † Europe Dryopithecus † 14 Mya Orangutan Sivapithecus † 16 Mya Asia Siamangs, Gibbons Proconsul † 19 Mya Africa Macaques 25 Mya 14.6

  7. 14.7 Present Humans African apes • Ground dwelling • Vegetarian or omnivorous • Large body size • Long life span 10 Mya Proconsul † Old World monkeys 20 Mya Aegyptopithecus † • Vegetarian diet • Sexual dimorphism 30 Mya New World monkeys • Diurnal • Insectivorous and • frugivorous diet • Expansion of neocortex • Fovea 40 Mya Tarsiers Lemurs, lorises 50 Mya Adapis † • Arboreal life • Nocturnal • Insectivorous diet • Encephalization • Temporal lobe • Binocularity • Grasping hands-feet Plesiadapiformes † ? 60 Mya Purgatorius † ? Insectivore or dermopteran ancestors ? 70 Mya

  8. Humans Present Chimpanzees 4.5 Mya 8 Mya Gorillas 10 Mya 20 Mya Old World monkeys 31 Mya 30 Mya 40 Mya 50 Mya New World monkeys 57.5 Mya 60 Mya 14.8

  9. Trait Function Chimpanzees Hominins Foramen magnum Posture Behind skull Beneath skull Occipital condyle Posture C-shaped S-shaped Vertebrate column Feet Posture Grasping Flat Posture Long Short Pelvis, lower back Brain size Brain evolution 345-505 cm3 400-1350 cm3 Face Brain evolution In front of brain Beneath brain Sexual behavior Long Short Canines Diet Yes No Diastema Pliocene Miocene ~5 Mya 14.9

  10. Omo, Ethiopia A. afarensis A. aethiopicus A. boisei Hadar, Ethiopia A. afarensis Koobi Fora, Kenya A. boisei A. afarensis Middle Awash, Ethiopia A. afarensis A. garhi Lake Turkana, Kenya A. aethiopicus A. boisei Kanapoi, Kenya A. anamensis Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania A. boisei Lateoli, Tanzania A. afarensis Makapansgat, South Africa A. africanus Taung, South Africa A. africanus Kterkfontein, South Africa A. africanus Komdraai, South Africa A. robustus 14.10

  11. 14.11 Present 1 Mya A. robustus 2 Mya A. boisei A. garhi A. aethiopicus 3 Mya A. africanus A. afarensis Kenyanthropus playops 4 Mya Australopithecus anamensis Ardipithecus ramidus ramidus 5 Mya Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba 6 Mya Orrorin tugenensis 7 Mya Sahelanthropus tchadensis

  12. Present H. floresiensis H. sapiens H. neanderthalensis H. heidelbergensis H. antecessor 1 Mya H. ergaster H. erectus H. habilis 2 Mya H. rudolphensis 3 Mya 14.12

  13. 14.13 (a) Oldowan technology (b) Acheulean technology (c) Mousterian technology

  14. 14.14

  15. Multiregional Evolution Out of Africa Europe & Middle East Europe & Middle East Eastern Asia Eastern Asia Africa Africa H. sapiens H. sapiens H. sapiens H. sapiens H. neanderthalensis H. erectus H. erectus H. heilderbergensis H. erectus H. ergaster H. erectus 14.15

  16. 14.16 CS PCS (a) Humans SMG IPS 39 AG 40 Broca’s area 45 44 Wernicke’s area SF STS 41-42 (b) Macaques AS IPS PS 45 Broca’s area homologue Wernicke’s area homologue SF STS

  17. 2/0 Human 0/2 0/5 0/7 Chimpanzee 0/2 0/2 Gorilla 1/2 Orangutan 0/5 Rhesus 1/131 Mouse 14.17

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