Chapter 13 Notes

1. Chapter 13 Notes New Movements in America

2. Essential Question • What key figures moved the United States forward through their political and public service during this period?

3. Answer • Charles Grandison Finney • Dorothea Dix • Josiah Quincy • Emma Willard • William Lloyd Garrison • Frederick Douglas • Harriet Tubman • Sojourner Truth • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott • Susan B. Anthony • (What did they do?)

4. Essential Question • What struggles for equality took place during this time?

5. Answer • Intro (4 things) • 1st (1 Thing) • 2st (3 things) • 3nd (3 things) • 4rd (5 things)

6. Answer • Intro – community living, immigrants, gender, and race

7. Answer • Community Living - Utopian community (What is it?)

8. ANSWER • Immigrants • Irish and Germans • Struggled against nativists (Who?) • Know-Nothing Party (What?)

9. ANSWER • Gender • Emma Willard (Who?) • Seneca Falls Convention (What?) • Declaration of Sentiments (What?)

10. ANSWER • Race • Abolition (What?) • Emancipation (What?) • William Lloyd Garrison (Who?) • Antislavery Society (What?) • Underground Railroad (What?)

11. Second Great Awakening • In the 1790s many people began a strong renewal of their religious faith. This movement became known as the __________.

12. Charles Grandison Finney • One leader of this movement, __________, preached to Protestants that they could do good things to prove their faith.

13. Transcendentalism • Some of these people followed __________, or the relief that one could rise above the material things in life.

14. Ralph Waldo Emerson • …encouraged people to look within themselves for guidance in his essay “Self-Reliance.”

15. Margaret Fuller • …wrote Women in the Nineteenth Century, which made her a champion of women’s rights.

16. Henry David Thoreau • …believed in self reliance and wrote Walden about living in a small cabin for two years on Walden Pond.

17. Utopian Community • Some Americans tried to create __________, or groups of people who lived and worked together to try to establish a perfect society.

18. Thomas Cole • …was a leading romantic painter of the Hudson River school.

19. Nathaniel Hawthorne • __________’s first novel, The Scarlet Letter, encouraged his readers not to hide their faults from others.

20. Edgar Allen Poe • …was best known for his short stories and his poem called “The Raven.”

21. The Raven by Edgar Allen Poe (Excerpt) • Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore--While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door."'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door-- Only this and nothing more."…

22. Herman Melville • __________’s novel Moby-Dick discussed the tremendous power of nature.

23. Emily Dickinson • …saw only 2 poems published in her lifetime.

24. It's All I Have to Bring To-dayby Emily  Dickinson (1830 - 1886)   It's all I have to bring to-day,This, and my heart beside,This, and my heart, and all the fields,And all the meadows wide.Be sure you count, should I forget, --Someone the sum could tell, --This, and my heart, and all the beesWhich in the clover dwell.

25. Walt Whitman • Poets such as __________ celebrated American individualism and democracy.

26. O Captain! My Captain! By Walt Whitman 1819-1892 O CAPTAIN! my Captain! our fearful trip is done, The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;    But O heart! heart! heart!    O the bleeding drops of red!    Where on the deck my Captain lies,    Fallen cold and dead. O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills, For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores crowding, For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;    Here, Captain! dear father!    This arm beneath your head!    It is some dream that on the deck    You've fallen cold and dead. My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still, My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will; The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done, From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;    Exult, O shores! and ring, O bells!    But I, with mournful tread,    Walk the deck my Captain lies,    Fallen cold and dead.

27. John Greenleaf Whittier • Other poets such as __________ used poetry to protest slavery.

28. HAMPTON BEACHBy John Greenleaf Whittier   The sunlight glitters keen and bright,     Where, miles away,  Lies stretching to my dazzled sight,  A luminous belt, a misty light,Beyond the dark pine bluffs and wastes of sandy gray.   The tremulous shadow of the Sea!     Against its ground  Of silvery light, rock, hill, and tree,

29. Mini Question • How did the Second Great Awakening affect Americans? • They must do good things to prove their faith. • Church memberships grew dramatically.

30. Mini Question • What were the transcendentalists’ views of American society? • People must follow their own beliefs, judgments, and live simply.

31. Mini Question • What were some ideas of the romantic movement? • It encouraged individuals to express their views of the world through emotion rather than reason.

32. Nativists • Known as __________, most of these people were Protestants who were suspicious of immigrant Catholics.

33. Know-Nothing Party • In 1850, nativists founded the __________. Its members wanted to exclude Catholics and immigrants from public office, and they wanted to require that immigrants live in the U.S. for 21 years before they could become citizens.

34. Those people were part of the growing __________, or a social class in between the wealthy and the poor. Middle Class

35. Tenements • Many people lived in dirty, overcrowded, and poorly built housing units called __________.

36. Mini Question • Why did so many Irish and German immigrants come to the U.S. in the 1840s and 1850s? • Ireland had a terrible famine. • Germany had a failed revolution.

37. Mini Question • How did nativist Americans react to immigrants? • They feared that immigrants would take jobs away from native-born citizens.

38. Mini Question • What benefits and problems came along with the growth of U.S. cities? • They had more opportunities to own businesses or become skilled professionals. • In tenements, there was disease and a shortage of police and fire protection.

39. Dorothea Dix • __________ grew upset after finding that in Massachusetts, people with mental illnesses were held in prisons along with criminals.

40. Josiah Quincy • __________ was a prison reformer who anted to improve the treatment of young people who had committed crimes.

41. Temperance Movement • Some reformers turned their attention to preventing alcohol abuse through the __________.

42. Lyman Beecher • …preached widely about the evils of alcohol.

43. Horace Mann • …was the leader for educational reforms in the mid-1800s for increasing teacher salaries, teacher training, and extending the school year.

44. Common-school Movement • Reformers in the __________ wanted all children, regardless of their social class, to be educated in a common place. They believed that this would strengthen American society.

45. Emma Willard • __________ started the first college-level institution for women in 1821, and in 1837 Oberlin College in Ohio became the first college to admit both men and women.

46. Samuel Gridley Howe • …significantly improved the education of visually impaired Americans.

47. Thomas Gallaudet • …established the first free American school for people with hearing impairments.

48. Mini Question • What factors led to the growth of the reform movement?

49. Mini Question • Why did reformers start the temperance movement?

50. Mini Question • How did Americans’ educational opportunities change during the early 1800s?