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What is the smallest living unit of life?

What is the smallest living unit of life?. Atoms Nucleus Cells Tissues. Cells!. Cell Biology. The study of the basic unit of life, which are cells Cells are the smallest living unit, but they are composed of smaller subparts of molecules & macromolecules!. Carbon Compounds.

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What is the smallest living unit of life?

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  1. What is the smallest living unit of life? • Atoms • Nucleus • Cells • Tissues Cells!

  2. Cell Biology • The study of the basic unit of life, which are cells • Cells are the smallest living unit, but they are composed of smaller subparts of molecules & macromolecules!

  3. Carbon Compounds

  4. Biochemistry is… • What life is made of • Macromolecules • What life does • Growth • Reproduction • Movement • Interaction with the environment

  5. The Chemistry of Carbon • Carbon can form four covalent bonds (tetravalence) • Carbon can bond with Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, & Sulfur Carbon is the most important element in the body, because it can form long chains & structures! 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons

  6. Bonding Symbols • A single bond is signified by a solid line between symbols – shares 2 electrons • A double bond is signified by 2 solid lines between symbols – shares 4 electrons • A triple bond is signified by 3 solid lines between symbols – shares 6 electrons Triple Single Double

  7. Macromolecules • Giant molecules! • Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers (larger units) • These macromolecules are carbon compounds!

  8. Macromolecules • The process of bonding monomers together is called polymerization. So, several monomers bonded together is a polymer.

  9. A monomer is like a single Lego block… A polymer is like a Lego tower!

  10. Macromolecules • Creating covalent bonds between the monomers involves losing a water molecule – a dehydration or condensation reaction. To link monomers together, you have to get rid of a water molecule.

  11. Macromolecules • Breaking the covalent bond within the polymer to break off a monomer involves breaking a water molecule & inserting its pieces – hydrolysis. To break a polymer into monomers, you must use a water molecule (split it into H & HO).

  12. The 4 Macromolecules of Life • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins These macromolecules make up your body’s cells & help your body to perform its functions! We can’t learn biology unless we understand the role of macromolecules in cells!

  13. Carbohydrates • Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen atoms • Monomer – Monosaccharide • Polymer - Polysaccharide • Main energy source for organisms, structural purpose in cell membrane, & exoskeleton of insects

  14. Examples of Carbohydrates • Sugars • Monosaccharide: simple sugar molecule • Disaccharide: 2 monosaccharides bonded together with a glycosidic linkage Lactose (the sugar found in milk) is a disaccharide made of 2 monosaccharides, galactose & glucose!

  15. Glycosidic Linkage • A covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharide molecules by a dehydration reaction So, a Glycosidic Linkage links 2 monosaccharides together.

  16. Examples of Carbohydrates • Starches: complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) that store extra sugar • In animals, starch is called glycogen & structural carbs are called chitin. Chitin is used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons!

  17. Examples of Carbohydrates - Starches • In plants, starch is called plant starch & structural carbs are called cellulose. • Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plant cells. • Humans cannot break down cellulose during digestion – it’s known as insoluble fiber!

  18. What is the main function of carbohydrates? • Main part of the cell membrane • Hereditary material • Energy • Builds muscles Energy!

  19. What is the monomer of carbohydrates? • Fatty Acids • Nucleotides • Monosaccharides • Amino Acids Monosaccharides!

  20. Lipids • Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen atoms • Subunits: glycerol (“head”) & fatty acids (long carbon chain that makes the “tail”)

  21. Lipids • Not soluble in water – nonpolar • Used for energy storage, main part of cell membrane, hormones, cushions vital organs & insulates the body

  22. Examples of Lipids • Fats (3 fatty acid chains) • Phospholipids (2 fatty acid chains) • Oils • Waxes • Steroids (hormones) • Cholesterol

  23. Unsaturated Fatty Acids • Found in lipids that are liquid at room temperature, contain C=C bonds • Olive Oil The double bond creates a kink in the tails that keeps them from packing closely together.

  24. Saturated Fatty Acids • Saturated fatty acids are found in lipids that are solid at room temperature, no C=C bonds • Shortening, butter Stay away from saturated fats!

  25. Saturated: only single bonds, max # of H atoms Unsaturated: at least 1 C=C double bond, less H atoms Glycerol (head) + Fatty Acid (tail)  Lipid

  26. What is the main function of lipids? • Main part of the cell membrane • Hereditary material • Energy • Builds muscles Cell membrane!

  27. Proteins • Contain Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen • Functions: • Structure • Storage • Transport ofother substances • Movement • Immunity • Regulate Metabolism • Catalyze reactions Your hair is made of a protein called keratin!

  28. Proteins • Made of monomers called amino acids • 20 types of amino acids • Same general structure, but different R group Draw this in your notes! LABEL!

  29. 4 Levels of Protein Structure • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Quaternary

  30. Protein Primary Structure • Order of amino acids, forms a polypeptide chain Changing just 1 AA could cause the protein to lose its shape & function!

  31. Protein Secondary Structure • Forms an α-helix or β- pleated sheet Repeatedly coiled or folded portions of the polypeptide chain as a result of hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the backbone

  32. Protein Tertiary Structure • The 3D structure, interactions along the different parts of the amino acid chain This creates regions (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, etc.) within the protein!

  33. Protein Quaternary Structure • Interactions between 2 different polypeptide chains Hemoglobin is the protein that carries oxygen throughout your blood! It’s composed of 2 sets of 2 types of polypeptide chains!

  34. What is the monomer of proteins? • Fatty Acids • Nucleotides • Monosaccharides • Amino Acids Amino Acids!

  35. Nucleic Acids • Contain Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, & Phosphorous • Store & transmit genetic information • DNA (DeoxyriboNucleicAcid) • RNA (RiboNucleicAcid)

  36. Nucleic Acids • Made of monomers called nucleotides • Nucleotides have 3 parts: • 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) • Phosphate group • Nitrogenous Base

  37. What is the main function of nucleic acids? • Main part of the cell membrane • Hereditary material • Energy • Builds muscles Hereditary material!

  38. Which of the following is not found in a nucleotide? • Phosphate • Sugar • Glycerol • Nitrogen Base Glycerol!

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