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Chapter 38

Chapter 38. The Bipolar World. The “Kitchen Debate”. American National Exhibition, 1959 Conflict over Captive Nations resolution passed by Congress Prelude: debate over horse manure vs. pig manure Public discord over Communism vs. Capitalism. The Ideological Struggle.

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Chapter 38

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  1. Chapter 38 The Bipolar World

  2. The “Kitchen Debate” • American National Exhibition, 1959 • Conflict over Captive Nations resolution passed by Congress • Prelude: debate over horse manure vs. pig manure • Public discord over Communism vs. Capitalism

  3. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL spread world-wide Communism GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

  4. Development of the Blocs • Winston Churchill: the “iron curtain” • Division of post-war Germany, especially Berlin • Western powers merge occupation zones • Introduce German Mark • Soviet Blockade of Berlin

  5. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

  6. Occupied Germany, 1945-1949

  7. The Eastern Bloc

  8. Post-War Germany

  9. The Federated Republicof Germany • Created in 1949 withthe capital at Bonn. • Its army limited to12 divisions [275,000]. • Konrad Adenauer, aChristian Democrat,was its 1st President. • Coalition of moderates and conservatives. • Pro-Western foreign policy. • German “economic miracle.” • “Father of Modern Germany.”

  10. Clement Attlee, Harry Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference, July 1945

  11. At Potsdam, the three leaders agreed on 5 basic principles: • Germany should remain a single country, but for the time being it would be divided. • Germany must be demilitarized. • The Nazi Party must be outlawed. • German political structure should be rebuilt on a democratic basis. • Individuals responsible for war crimes should be brought to trial.

  12. Berlin Airlift • 11 months of air shipments to Berlin, beginning June 1948 • Cold war did not go “hot” • Retribution: British/U.S. embargo on Soviet imports • Soviets lift blockade in summer 1949 • East Berlin capital of “German Democratic Republic” • Bonn capital of “Federal Republic of Germany”

  13. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

  14. The Berlin Airlift

  15. Construction of the Berlin Wall • 1949-1961: 3.5 million East Germans flee to west • Especially younger, highly skilled workers • August 1961 construction of wall separating East and West • Symbol of the Cold War

  16. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) CheckpointCharlie

  17. Construction of the Berlin Wall

  18. The Arms Race • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 • Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact), 1955 • Nuclear proliferation • End of 60s: Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

  19. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy

  20. Flag of NATO

  21. Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

  22. Borders of NATO (blue) and Warsaw Pact (red) states

  23. Division of Korea • Characteristic of Cold War: localized conflicts, “proxy wars” • Korea divided along 38th parallel after WW II • 1948 two Koreas • Republic of Korea (South, capital Seoul) • People’s Democratic Republic of Korea (North, capital Pyongyang)

  24. The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953) Syngman Rhee Kim Il-Sung “Domino Theory”

  25. Korean War • North Korea invades in 1950, captures Seoul • US lands, drives North Koreans back to 38th parallel, then goes on to capture Pyongyang • Chinese invade, push USA back to 38th • 3 million killed by ceasefire in summer 1953 • No peace treaty signed, continued tensions

  26. After WWII, Korea had been divided, with the Soviets controlling the north and American troops controlling the south. • In the north a communist government led by Kim Il Sung took power. In the south, Syngman Rhee led. • In June of 1950, North Korea invaded the South. The UN spearheaded troops and supplies to stop the invasion. With most of the troops coming from the US, together with South Korea, the north was pushed back. • As US troops approached the Chinese border in North Korea, China became threatened. China sent thousands of troops to help North Korea. • This drove the troops back to the 38th parallel or the division between North and South Korea.

  27. The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of Korea

  28. Current Leaders of the Korean Peninsula Kim Jong Un Aka Lil’ Kim or Psy Park Geun-hye

  29. Containment • Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO), Asian version of NATO • “Domino Theory” moves Eisenhower to consider nuclear weapon use in Korea

  30. Cuba • Fidel Castro Ruz (1926-), 1959 revolution • Cancels promised elections, expropriates foreign properties, kills or exiles political enemies • US imposes trade embargo • Soviets step in with massive aid, gain foothold off US shores

  31. Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961

  32. The Bay of Pigs • Castro declares undying allegiance to Soviet foreign policy, 1960 • Kennedy and CIA send 1,500 Cubans into Bay of Pigs to spur revolution • American Air support does not appear, force destroyed in 3 days • US embarrassment

  33. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

  34. Cuban Missile Crisis • October 1962 Soviets begin assembling missiles in Cuba • Kennedy publicly challenges USSR • Quarantines CUBA • Soviets concede, but US guarantees non-interference with Castro regime • US Secretary of State Dean Rusk: “Eyeball to eyeball, they blinked first”

  35. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

  36. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

  37. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

  38. The Cold War, 1949-1962

  39. Consumerism • Western success with household technologies • US Marshall plan for rebuilding Europe: 13 billion, 1948-1952 • Europeans owning cars: • 1955: 5 million • 1963: 44 million

  40. Economic growth as a result of the Marshall Plan

  41. A promotional poster for the Marshall Plan

  42. Internal US Developments • Red Scare in USA • Senator Joseph McCarthy (1909-1957) • “domestic containment” • Feminism • Women pressured to leave workforce • Betty Friedan (1921-), The Feminist Mystique

  43. The Civil Rights Movement • Irony of American “freedom,” exploited by USSR propaganda • Influence of Gandhi on Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) • Gradual successes: • Brown vs. Board of Education, 1954, against school segregation • Rosa Parks, Montgomery Alabama, 1955

  44. The Space Race • Nonviolent aspect of cold war rivalry • Initial Soviet successes: • 1957: Sputnik, first satellite • 1961: Yuri Gagarin orbits space’ • US sets up NASA, lands Apollo XI on the moon, July 1969

  45. The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?” • The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. • Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

  46. Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

  47. Challenges to Soviet Hegemony • Rebellions quashed: • Yugoslavia expelled from Soviet bloc, 1948 • Tito • Hungary, 1956 • Prague Spring, 1968 • Brezhnev Doctrine: right to invade any socialist country threatened by elements “hostile to socialism”

  48. Hungarian Revolutionary, 1956

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