Renaissance 1300 - 1600

1. Renaissance 1300 - 1600

2. Renaissance Those who survived the Middle Ages wanted to enjoy life. Educated people began to reject Medieval values and look to the classical past. The Renaissance was the REBIRTH of the classical civilizations.

3. Renaissance Renaissance Begins in Italy Advantages of Italy 1.Thriving Cities *Crusades strengthened northern cities *Exchange of ideas in the cities 2. Merchant Class *City-states were small with large percentage of participation by citizens *Wealthiest *Social status – individual merit ** Medici Family – political control & patrons of the arts

4. Renaissance 3. Classical Heritage of Greece & Rome * Artists and philosophers drew inspiration from the Roman ruins. * Byzantine scholars fled (with prized Latin with prized Latin manuscripts) to Italy when Constantinople fell to the Turks.

5. Renaissance Medici Family in Florence * Lorenzo the Magnificent *ruled as a dictator *appeared to be an elected leader *great supporter of the arts *controlled city-state politics

6. Renaissance Classical & Worldly Values Humanism–focus on human value & potential (Greeks & Romans) Secular – worldly, concerned with the here and now. Although most people remained devout Catholics, it was a secular age. Patrons – wealthy churchmen/merchants who supported the arts by financially supporting the artists.

7. Renaissance Renaissance Man *All educated people expected to create art. *Strove to master ever area of study. *Courtier by Castiglione taught readers how to be Renaissance men. Renaissance Women *Upper Class – well educated and expected to inspire rather than create well educated

8. Renaissance Renaissance Art *used to religion to convey spiritual ideals *religious subjects copied from Greeks and Romans *realistic and glorifying the human body *used perspective (3-D)to bring realism to art

9. Renaissance ART

10. Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci – the Renaissance Man *Painter, sculptor, inventor, & scientist *Known for Mona Lisa & The Last Supper Raphael – Advances Realism *Studied under Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci *Used Madonna and Child as his main subject *Known for the School of Athens which shows the influence of the Greeks on the Renaissance

11. DAVID by Donatello – First free standing nude bronze. Renaissance DAVID by Michelangelo - Marble sculpture. Renaissance Sculpture

12. Renaissance Michelangelo *Painter, sculptor, architect, and poet *Most famous for his portrayal of the human body in painting and sculpture. *Influenced by classical art and showed the power and grandeur supporting the idea of human potential.

13. Renaissance Women Artists Sofanisba Anguissola - the first woman artist who gained international attention - known for portraits of royalty Renaissance Writers - Petrarch – humanist who wrote sonnets - Boccaccio – Decameron Machiavelli - The Prince - Advice to young princes, do what you have to do to get what you want

14. Renaissance Northern Renaissance * Countries of strong monarchs * Many monarchs became patrons of the arts * Renaissance ideas from Italy mixed with northern traditions * Northern Renaissance more religious than the Italian Renaissance

15. Renaissance German Painters *Durer – known for woodcuts & engravings - helped spread Renaissance ideas Hans Holbein the Younger – portraits that looked like photography Flemish Painters Jan van Eyck – famous for work in oil and the blending of colors Peter Bruegel the Elder – known for realistic details and protesting harsh Spanish rule through his paintings

16. Renaissance Northern Writers Christian Writers – Humanists Desiderius Erasmus – Praise of Folly – made fun of greedy merchants, lovers, and priests Thomas More – Utopia ( means no place) In More’s book Utopia came to mean the ideal place, where greed, corruption, war, and crime did not exist.

17. Renaissance Francis Rabelais– contrast to Erasmus and Thomas More - wrote in the vernacular - believed people should live by their instincts William Shakespeare- greatest playwright of all time - most famous works include Macbeth, Hamlet, and Romeo and Juliet - wrote both comedy and tragedy - influenced by classical works as seen in Julius Caesar

18. Renaissance The Elizabethan Age Renaissance England was also called the Elizabethan Age. - ruled by Queen Elizabeth - highly educated monarch who was a poet and patron of the arts

19. Renaissance Printing Press Renaissance ideas were spread through the invention of the printing press. - “invented by Johann Gutenberg - against the advice of others, printed the Gutenberg Bible first - made books cheaper - produced many religious works - people began to read & interpret the Bible for themselves - promoted literacy

20. Reformation Because of conflict within the church a movement arose to question the authority, tradition, and structure of the church. From the protest and conflict came a division of the Christian church in Europe.

21. Reformation Setting The Stage For Reformation • The Renaissance emphasis on the secular and the individual challenged Church authority. • Attempt to reform the church in the Middle Ages • Many unresolved issues remained • Guttenberg’s printing press spread secular ideas • Rulers resented pope’s authority over them • Merchants resented paying taxes to the church

22. Reformation Problems in the Church • Corruption • Personal indulgences: popes patronized the arts, spent lavishly on personal pleasure • Popes fought wars • Immorality – Pope Alexander VI, publicly admitted he had several children. Others broke their priestly vows by marrying, or by gambling or drinking to excess. • Poorly educated priests/monks

23. Reformation Early Reformers Advocates of Church Reform John Wycliff (England) & Jan Hus (Bohemia) • Both advocated church reforms and denied the pope’s worldly power • Bible has more authority than clergy leaders

24. Christian Humanists Add to the fray • Humanists like Desiderius Erasmus, ThomasMore, and Ulrich Zwingli add their voices to the chorus of criticism. • Girolamo Savonrola came to Florence and preached fiery sermons calling for reforms or changes. • Some reformers died for their beliefs, but their calls for change lived on…

25. Reformation Martin Luther • Monk • Professor of Bible at Wittenberg University in the German state of Saxony • Sought righteousness in the church • Took a stand against John Tetzel • Selling of indulgences (forgiveness) • Posted 95 Thesis (statements) for debate at Wittenberg University • False Teachings in the church

26. Martin Luther Believed – monk in 1505 • He wrote the 95 Theses – He went beyond the corruptness of the Church. He wanted full reforms! • Salvation comes through faith. • Pope and church traditions are false authorities. • People of faith are equal and do not need priests. • Many people supported his teachings. • Martin Luther’s actions begin the Reformation, a movement for religious reforms. Reformation

27. Reformation Response to Martin Luther: His Ideas become increasingly more radical! Pope Leo X - at first, need correction from superior later the threat of excommunication. Later, he does excommunicates Martin Luther. Emperor – Charles V - opposed Luther’s teachings Brought Luther to Worms for a trial Edict 0f Worms – Luther is an outlaw and heretic, no person could give him shelter or aid.

28. Reformation Peasant Revolts • German peasants followed Luther’s teachings and apply Luther’s ideas to revolutionary society. • Demanded and end to serfdom • Raided the villages, monasteries, etc. • Luther was angry, he urged the German princes to show the peasants no mercy in a written pamphlet. • German princes crush the revolt killing 10,000. • Many peasants rejected Luther for his failure to support them in the riots

29. Reformation German Religious Wars • Many German princes supported Lutheranism • Some followed Luther to break away from the Catholic Church and the pope’s authority • Those following Luther signed a protest statement, thus becoming PROTESTANTS • Catholic forces went to war against Protestants • PEACE OF AUGSBURG – the religion of each German state would be decided by the ruler

30. Reformation England Becomes Protestant Henry VIII • Devout Catholic • Wanted a male heir • 30 year marriage to Catherine of Aragon failed to produce a son • Their only living child is MARY • Wanted a divorce from Catherine

31. Reformation England Becomes Protestant • Church did not allow divorce • Sought an annulment (set aside the marriage) • Pope refused (he did not want to offend Emperor Charles V, the nephew of Catherine of Aragon) • Henry asked Parliament to end the pope’s authority in England, making Henry the head of the church * Henry seized church land and property, increasing his royal power

32. Reformation Henry’s Lineage • Catherine of Aragon (Mary) Divorced • Anne Boelyn (Elizabeth) Beheaded • Jane Seymour (Edward VI) Died • Anne of Cleves – not so pretty Divorced • Catherine Howard Beheaded • Catherine Parr Survived Following Henry’s death 1. Edward ruled - Protestant 2. Mary (Bloody Mary) – Catholic 3. Elizabeth (Virgin Queen) Protestant ( head of the Anglican Church) but made many concessions to please the Catholics

33. Reformation Spanish Armada King Philip II of Spain • Catholic king angry at Elizabeth for supporting Protestant Spanish subjects who rebelled against him • sailed the Spanish Armada into the English Channel with • 130 ships, 8,000 sailors and 19,000 soldiers • Spanish ships too large, did not work well in the channel • Smaller faster British ships defeated them • Spanish escaped by way of the North Sea only to be destroyed by a terrible storm. (The Protestant Winds!)

34. Reformation Other Reformers John Calvin – Protestant theology based on predestination. (God knows who will be saved) - led followers to Geneva, Switzerland - established a theocracy - Calvinism spread John Knox – Scottish minister studied Calvinism - took Calvinism to Scotland - each church governed by presbyters - known as Presbyterians - in France, known as Huguenots

35. Reformation More Reforms • Anabaptist – baptize only those old enough to decide for themselves to accept Christ • Church and state should be separate • Refused to fight in wars • Forerunners of Mennonites and Amish • Women Reformers • Katherina Von Bora (M. Luther’s wife): sent to a convent at the age of 10. Took her nun vows by 16. She was inspired by Luther’s teachings and she escaped from the convent. Married Luther and had six children. Argued that women should have an equal role in marriage.

36. Reformation Catholic Reformation The events of the Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to investigate its own practices. Ignatius of Loyola Spain: The great turning point in his life came when he was injured, bed-ridden, and thought about his past sins. He wrote Spiritual Exercises in 1522 In 1540, the pope made Ignatius’s followers a religious order called the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits. The Jesuits founded academic and trained in theological schools. Their mission: worked as a Catholic missionary tried to stop the spread of Protestantism

37. Reformation Catholic Reformation Two popes, Popes Paul III and Paul IV, supported the Catholic Reformation. Paul III took four steps toward reform. • Called for a council to investigate Catholic practices, like selling indulgences. He approved the Jesuit order. He used the Inquisition to seek out and punish heresy in papal territory, he called the council of leaders to meet in Trent, in northern Italy. • Council of Trent’s Decision • Church’s interpretation of the Bible IS FINAL • FAITH & WORKS are needed for salvation • BIBLE & CHURCH are equal authorities for Christians • INDULGENCES are valid expressions of faith, but not false indulgences

38. Reformation Reformation Legacy • Protestant Churches multiplied despite opposition • Religion no longer united Europe • As church power declined, power of the monarchs increased, supporting nation states.