European Expansion in the 1400s: Motives, Technology & Trade Routes

1. European Expansion in the World (1400’s)

2. Homework for Unit 2 • Page 40 # 1, 2 & 3 • Page 44 # 1 & 2 • Page 45 # 4, 5 & 6 • Page 48 # 1 & 2 • Page 49 # 6 (REALLY IMPORTANT) • Page 52 # 1, 2 & 3 • Page 53 # 6, 7, 9, 10 & 11 • Page 56 # 1, 2 & 3 • Page 57 # 7 • Page 61 # 1, 2 & 3

3. European economy (Renaissance 1400’s): • Economy was doing well • Business owners making profits • Economy was, however, too dependent on farming • Just one bad season would create a shortage of food, loss of profits and increase in price of food.

4. At the time, the American continent was unknown to the Europeans: • Native Americans did not know Europe existed and Europeans were unaware of America. • Ships not advanced enough to cross Atlantic Ocean.

5. Why did Europeans set out to explore the world? • European countries rushed to explore unknown waters to find new trade routes.

6. Five motives for exploring: • Economic motives: • Gold was used as currency in Europe. • Europe needed more gold to make coins. • Marco Polo reported that China and Japan (Asia) had gold and precious resources.

7. 2. The desire for wealth and power: • European merchants grew rich by importing and trading goods from Asia. • However, European merchants were forced to buy from Italian merchants (Venice). • Solution: By-passItalians and trade directly with Asia.

8. HOW EUROPE GOT GOODS FROM ASIA

9. This is how trading took place during the Renaissance: • The Asian merchantstraded goods with the Arab merchants. The Arab merchants re-sold these goods to the Italian merchants. Finally, the Italian merchants re-sold the goods to the rest of Europe. • Each time a trade took place, the price for the merchandise increased!

10. TRADE ROUTES The Arabian Peninsula is located in the southwest corner of Asia. As you can see on the map, it lies near the intersection of three continents - Africa, Asia, and Europe. Trade routes linking the three continents have passed through the region for thousands of years. Geographers call Arabia a "crossroads" location.

11. European merchants wished to do business directly with Asia – save money!. • By the 1400´s European merchants – as well as the monarchs of England, Spain, Portugal and France – sought to find a SEA ROUTE to Asia.

12. Constantinople (Instanbul) • It was an important trade city linking Europe to Asia.

13. Muslim Turks captured the city and rename it Istanbul. • Turks placed heavy taxes on trade. • European decided to find a SEA ROUTE to Asia. • Why? Land routes were full of problems.

14. 3. Political Motives: • European kingdoms wished to: • Conquer more territories • Get hands on more natural resources • Dominate (control) more people • More land = more crops, trees, gold, etc. 4. Religious Motives: • Spread Christianity around the world

15. The Spanish and Portuguese felt they had a God-given duty to drive Muslims out of other lands, they hoped to take Africa from the Muslims and convert the peoples of Asia. • Bartholomeu Dias, an early Portuguese explorer, explained his motives: “To serve God and his Majesty, to give Light to those who are in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire”.

16. 5. Improvements in technology: • In the 1400’s, the invention of the caravel made voyages possible. • During the 1200´s it would have been nearly impossible to cross the Atlantic and return again.

17. Advances in astronomy • Explorers needed knowledge and technology to set out across the oceans. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 to 1543) • He theorized that all the planets, including the Earth, orbited around the Sun. • The Church denounced his theory.

18. Galileo (1564 to 1642) • He concluded that Earth rotated on its own axis and orbited around the Sun – confirmed Copernicus's theory. • He had to take back what he said (retract) or else the Church would have executed him.

19. Advances in navigation: • Explorers needed strong ships to travel across the Atlantic Ocean. • Portuguese developed a new shipcalled the caravel. • Rudder made it easier to steer. • Triangular sail (lateen) captured winds coming from all directions.

20. Astrolabe: • Arab invention • Used to calculate latitude.

21. Compass: • Magnetic needle that points to magnetic north.

22. Portolan: • Book with navigation charts. • Illustrates shorelines, islands and the location of ports.

23. Who sponsored European captains to explore the world? • Monarchs, nobles and merchants provided funds (money given for a purpose) to pay for voyages.

24. Explorers who headed westward for Asia across the Atlantic Ocean mistakenly thought they landed in Asia. • Instead, these explorers landed in America!

25. Some explorers sailed around it. • Other explorers docked their ships and crossed it overland.

26. Contact with native people: • C. Columbus told Europeans about America. • Home to Amerindians for 1000’s of years. • Traded many new items (see p.51) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60MKSBT_wWM

27. Columbus Departing for his Voyage to the New World

28. Europeans colonise the world: • Europeans believed that they were superior to other races. • Took possession of lands they discovered.

29. Began dominating (controlling) populations of these lands. • Began exploiting resources on these lands. • Began to forcefully impose their ways on the natives.

30. Natives and Europeans viewed the world differently.

31. Natives believed Europeans were their allies (friends) because they were trading partners. • They were shocked to learn their business partners were trading with their enemies too.

32. Definition of Exploit: • To selfishly or unfairly use someone or something for one's own advantage. Abuse.

33. Exploiting the natural resources of the colonies: • European kingdoms controlled and colonized discovered lands. • They built empires this way. • Colony: a territory ruled by another country. • Empire: a group of colonies ruled by one “mother country”

34. Two types of colonies: Colony of exploitation: • Occupied by soldiers and merchants to send items back to its mother country. Colony of settlement: • Had permanent settlers who had come over from Europe.

35. North American Colonies: • New France (Quebec today!) had many trading posts for fur trading with native peoples.

36. Natural resources of the colonies: • Natural resources (ex: trees, gold, etc.) were shipped from colony to mother country for processing(making a products from raw materials). • Manufacturing jobs on available in mother country

37. Natural resources would be transported back to mother colony to be processed in factories. • Once processed, these sellable goods would be shipped back to coloniesand sold to the colonists (profitable). • All the decent paying jobs remained in mother countries and left little job opportunities for colonies.

38. The effects of colonization on the conquered people: • European colonizers took control of North and South America. • Europeans created conflicts between native allies. In other words, “DIVIDE AND CONQUER”.

39. Catastrophic Contact! • Europe’s discovery of America was catastrophic for the Americans. • These are the 4 negative consequences: 1. EPIDEMICS: • Wiped out many Amerindians in America. • Europeans introduced infectious diseases. • It caused their population to decline.

40. They were infected with the measles, smallpox, flu, and the plague.

41. 2. MASSACRES • The Europeans committed massacres and forced them into labour. • King of Spain was informed about these atrocious acts committed by the Spanish colonizers but did nothing to stop it!

42. 3. FORCED LABOUR • European colonizers forced the Amerindians into slave labour. • The mid-16th century (1550s) marked the beginning of the Africa slave trade & the triangular trade.

43. Between 12-20 million Africans were brought to America to labour in mines and in plantations growing cocoa, coffee, tobacco, cotton, etc.

44. Triangular Trade Map

45. The Triangular Trade • This was the name given to the trading route used by European merchants who exchanged goods with Africans for slaves, shipped the slaves to the Americas, sold them and brought goods from the Americas back to Europe. • Merchants who traded in this way could get very rich. • It was called the triangular trade because of the triangular shape that the three legs of the journey made.

46. The first leg was the journey from Europe to Africa where goods were exchanged for slaves. • The second, or middle, leg of the journey was the transportation of slaves to the Americas. It was nicknamed the 'middle passage.' • The third and final leg of the journey, was the transport of goods from the Americas back to Europe.

47. 4. ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE • Raw materials were shipped from the colonies to the mother countries. • These raw materials were then processed in the mother countries and sold back to the colonists as manufactured goods! • This practise caused the colony to become economically dependent on the mother country.