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Beginning of the Middle Ages

Beginning of the Middle Ages. Medieval Europe. - Middle Ages – period of history after the Roman decline - Middle Ages = Medieval Europe – 500 - 1500 -A new society develops with 3 characteristics : - classical heritage of Rome - beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church

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Beginning of the Middle Ages

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  1. Beginning of the Middle Ages

  2. Medieval Europe -Middle Ages – period of history after the Roman decline -Middle Ages = Medieval Europe – 500 - 1500 -A new society develops with 3 characteristics: -classical heritage of Rome -beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church -customs of various Germanic tribes -Germanic peoples began moving into Roman territory by the third century -Germanic Kingdoms begin to develop -Decline in learning – the Germanic invaders could not read or write – had no written language -Loss of a common language – Latin begins to change -By 500, the Western Roman empire had become a number of states ruled by Germanic kings – borders of kingdoms changed constantly depending on war -During this time of political chaos – the Church was the only order

  3. Germanic Kingdoms -Frank Kingdom: -Roman province of Gaul (France and Switzerland) -Clovis – their leader – 496-511 -Clovis brought Christianity to the region -Clothilde urged Clovis to convert to her religion -Clovis was in battle and was fearing defeat and so he stopped praying to his many gods and began praying to the Christian God and the momentum shifted and he won the battle -After the battle Clovis and his 3,000 soldiers were baptized -By 700 the major domo, mayor of the palace, becomes the most powerful person in the Frankish kingdom -Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) becomes major domo in 719 -Martel extends Franks reign and defeated the Muslim invaders at the Battle of Tours in 732 -Battle of Tours was highly significant to Christian Europeans – Martel=Christian Hero -When Martel dies he passed on his power to his son Pepin the Short -Pepin the Short – Established the Carolingians – the start of the Carolingian Dynasty

  4. Europe

  5. Charlemagne -Pepin the Short died in 768 -He left the kingdom to his two sons Carloman and Charles -Carloman’s death in 771 left the kingdom to Charles -Charles the Great = Charlemagne = 6’4”-768 to 814 -Tried to re-establish order in Europe -800 crowned the Emperor of the Romans by the Pope -Built the greatest empire since Rome -As he spread his empire he also spread Christianity -Charlemagne died in 814 - Louis the Pious is the new emperor – very religious man but not a good ruler

  6. Medieval Invaders -Louis’s 3 sons fought for power and ended up dividing up the empire -Treaty of Verdun – 843 – divided the empire into 3 kingdoms -The lack of a strong central authority led to chaos -From about 840 – 1000 invasions destroyed the Carolingian Empire -Muslims invasions: Seized Sicily, Italy and sacked Rome -Vikings invaded northern Europe -Vikings came from Scandinavia – a cold wooded region in Northern Europe (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) -Warrior Society -Viking War Ships -Raided European settlements -Viking explorations -Viking explorer named Lief Ericson reached North America around 1000 – 500 years before Columbus -Vikings began to accept Christianity and stopped attacking

  7. Medieval England -By early 800’s – small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms covered the former Roman province of Britain -Britain was one of the earliest nations in Europe to develop a strong unified government -The Angles and the Saxons stayed on the English shore once they arrived and began their own Anglo-Saxon culture

  8. William the Conqueror -Battle of Hastings – 1066-William of Normandy conquers England -After the Victory – William declared all England his personal property – ended up keeping 1/5 of England for himself -Normandy is a region in the north of France that had been conquered by the Vikings -Culture of the French-Viking Normans and the Anglo-Saxons eventually merged -William givers land to 200 Norman lords who swore oaths of loyalty to him -Strong central government emerges

  9. Common Law System -Henry II rules England from 1154-1189 -Common-law system develops -Strengthened royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year -Their jobs: collect taxes, settle lawsuits, punish crimes -Henry II also introduced the use of a jury -Common-law – the unified body of law that England’s royal judges formed -Edward I had court records collected so they could be compared and applied equally and in common to all -Result was a legal system that can change with time on an issue

  10. English Parliament -Signing of the Magna Carta – June 15, 1215 (Great Charter) -John Softsword– not a good leader -Raised taxes for war – the Nobles revolted -Forced John to sign the Magna Carta – the most celebrated document in English history -Guaranteed certain basic political rights -Listed the rights of the nobility and limited the power of the king -Edward I took over as the next King of England -Edward needed to raise taxes for war against the French, Welsh and Scots -In 1295 – he summons to citizens of wealth and two nights from every country to serve as parliament – legislative group -The Model Parliament – commoners as well as lords - serves as a model for later kings -Parliament emerges -House of Lords -House of Commons

  11. French Kingdoms -Kings of France, like those in England, looked for ways to increase their power -Last Carolingian King (Louis the Sluggard) in 987 – Feudal system takes over By 1000 – France was divided into about 47 feudal territories -Hugh Capet chosen as king -Capetian Dynasty emerges around Paris -wars with England over Norman Territories in France -Capetian Dynasty of French kings ruled France from 987 to 1328 -Philip II (1180-1223) – was one of the most power Capetians – fought Henry II and his son – Richard the Lion-Hearted -Began to create their own Parliament

  12. French Parliament -French parliament develops -Conflicts with the Church – the Pope refused to allow priests to pay taxes to the king -Phillip IV and Pope Boniface VII -To win wider support against the Pope, Phillip IV began to include commoners in the meeting -Three Estates -Clergy – church leaders known as the 1st Estate -Nobles – the great lords known as the 2nd Estate -Commoners – those that Phillip IV invited to participate in council were the 3rd Estate -Estates-General – the name of this meeting

  13. Holy Roman Empire -Started with Pope Leo II crowning Charlemagne Emperor -Germanic Kings ruled over both Germany and Italy -Struggles between the Emperor and the Pope – German nobles created many small states -Could no revive Charlemagne’s empire -Neither area becomes unified until the 1800s

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