Cognitive and Behavioral Learning Theories

1. Cognitive and Behavioral Learning Theories Project 2 - Team 3 Griselda Gonzalez Miguel Maldonado Felicia Montiel Selrah Rosas

2. Introduction to Cognitive and Behavioral Learning Theories Two major psychological perspectives that have impacted the way learning is viewed are: • the cognitive learning theories • belief that learning occurs when, because of experience, mental representations and associations are changed • one cognitive learning theorist - Jean Piaget • behavioral learning theories. • belief that learning occurs when, because of experience, behavior is changed • one behavioral learning theorist - B.F. Skinner

3. cognitive learning theorist - Jean Piaget Image source: [Jean Piaget]. (2015, February 21). Retrieved October 7, 2016, from http://a4.files.biography.com/image/upload/c_fit,cs_srgb,dpr_1.0,h_1200,q_80,w_1200/MTIwNjA4NjMzOTQxMjMxMTE2.jpg

4. Description of Cognitive learning theorists Jean Piaget August 9, 1896 - September 16, 1980 “20th-century scholar Jean Piaget created highly influential theories on the stages of mental development among children, becoming a leading figure in the fields of cognitive theory and developmental psychology” (“Jean Piaget”, n.d.). Image source: [Piaget cognitive learning theory]. (2016, October 7). Retrieved October 7, 2016, from https://figures.boundless-cdn.com/31565/large/ylvowaptoiamv9r6se6o.gif

5. Description of the Cognitive learning theory “Cognitive Learning Theory is a broad theory that explains thinking and differing mental processes and how they are influenced by internal and external factors in order to produce learning in individuals” (“Cognitive Learning Theory”, n.d.). Image source: Cognitive Learning. (2016, October 7). Retrieved October 7, 2016, from http://psybibs.revdak.com/2010/kille_cognitive.gif

6. How Piaget’s Cognitive learning theories impact teaching/training “Piaget's theory has had a major impact on the theory and practice of education. It has helped to create a view where the focus of attention is on the idea of developmentally appropriate education. This refers to an educational with environments, curriculum, materials and instruction that are consistent with student's physical and cognitive abilities as well as their social and emotional needs” (“Educational Implications”, n.d.). Image source: [Developmentally Appropriate Curriculum]. (2016, October 13). Retrieved October 13, 2016, from https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/5105riOa1ZL._SX258_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg

7. applicability of Piaget’s Developmental Stage theory in the adult education environment • Piaget’s developmental stage theory developed for childhood education,is now seen as having relevance to adult learners in considering the individual’s stage of intellectual development is directly related to the ability to learn cognitive content. • Influenced by Piaget, educators make use of instructional applications that engage learners on interactive platforms such as multimedia and virtual reality that go beyond mere memorization, drill and practice. • Educators have altered their approach from memorization and rote learning to an emphasis on making connections between known information (schema) and new information to help adult learners become more efficient processors of information (Livingston, 2010).

8. Behavioral learning theorists - B.F. Skinner Image source: Pappas, C. (2015). Instructional design models and theories: Operant conditioning theory. Retrieved October 11, 2016, from https://elearningindustry.com/operant-conditioning-theory

9. B. F. Skinner Behavioral Theorist (March 20, 1904 to August 18, 1990) • An American author, professor, psychologist and inventor • Attended Hamilton College and earned a B.A in literature in 1926, and a Ph.D. in Psychology from Harvard in 1931 (Skinner Facts, n.d) • Worked as researcher at Harvard University until 1936. In 1943, A professor at the University of Minnesota and Indiana University, in 1945. Finally returning to Harvard in 1948 as a tenured professor. (Biography.com Editors, 2016) Image source: [Behavioral Theory: Operant Conditioning]. (2016, October 13). Retrieved from https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRjucg1fLTfSNY_HzrS8UfK-jNJu42ZJfc9ReSr8tRh_zmEPXfwrA

10. Skinner’s Contributions • In 1938 Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber, commonly known as The Skinner Box which studied how animals reacted to their environment with positive and negative reinforcement. • Presented his own philosophy of science known as radical behaviorism. • In 1954 Skinner developed a mechanical device based on operant conditioning which was used as a teaching method for school subjects. (Boundless, 2016) Image source: Boundless. (2016, August 08). Operant Conditioning [Digital Image]. Retrieved October 13, 2016, from https://figures.boundless-cdn.com/1460/large/skinner-box-scheme-01.png

11. Description of the Skinner’s Behavioral learning theory · According to Skinner’s theory, behavior changes in response to negative or positive reinforcement or punishment. (Boundless, 2016) · This theory focuses on behavioral processes rather than cerebral. · Skinner theorized such learned behaviors thereafter will more than likely happen again or cease to occur. (Skinner Facts, n.d) Image source: Enforcement [Digital Image]. (2016, August 08). Retrieved October 13, 2016, from https://nouftyno.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/enforcement.jpg

12. How Skinner’s Behavioral learning theories impact teaching/training “The work of Skinner has significantly influenced the field of education at its different levels from elementary to higher education and also in informal learning settings… it is now common to see how educators prioritize building a safe learning environment where they apply the concepts of reinforcement as tools to improve behaviors and enhance learning” (“B.F. Skinner”, n.d.). Image source: [Positive Reinforcement]. (2016, October 13). Retrieved from http://www.uniqueteachingresources.com/image-files/xjpg-positive-reinforcement-is-a-powerful-teaching-tool-heidi-mcdonald.jpg.pagespeed.ic.xrYlfa9y9e.jpg

13. applicability of Skinner’s Operant Conditioning theory in the adult education environment • “Skinner’s work contributed to understanding how to support adult learners by providing the right stimulus to favor learning” (“B.F. Skinner”, 2015). • Positive or negative reinforcement increases adult learner’s motivation to learn and maintain their interest (“B.F. Skinner”, 2015). • “When adult learners are rewarded after performing a task independently of the outcomes, they feel that their efforts are valued and, as a consequence, their motivation for learning increases” (“B.F. Skinner”, 2015).

14. In conclusion... Cognitive learning theorists believe that learning occurs when mental representations and associations are changed because of experience. Behavioral learning theorists believe that learning occurs when behavior is changed because of experience. The cognitive and behavioral learning theories should always be used together, and never alone. The cognitive learning theorists, Jean Piaget, and the behavioral learning theorists, B.F. Skinner, have made a significant impact on the education, training, and the learning process in general.

15. References B. F. Skinner Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2016, from http://www.softschools.com/facts/scientists/b_f_skinner_facts/1036/ B. F. Skinner. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2016, from http://www.famousscientists.org/b-f-skinner/ Biography.com Editors. (2016, January 20). B.F. Skinner Biography. Retrieved October 11, 2016, from http://www.biography.com/people/bf-skinner-9485671 Cognitive Learning Theory. (n.d.). Retrieved October 02, 2016, from http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=CognitiveLearningTheory#ixzz4LxpF6Npp Educational Implications of Piaget's Theory. (n.d.). Retrieved October 07, 2016, from http://piaget.weebly.com/educational-implications--activities.html Jean Piaget. (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2016, from http://www.biography.com/people/jean-piaget-9439915 Livingston, D. (2010, September 21). The Impact of Piaget's Learning Theory on Adult Education. Retrieved October 04, 2016, from https://cognition-perception-senses.knoji.com/the-impact-of-piagets-learning-theory-on-adult-education/ Operant Conditioning. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2016, from https://www.boundless.com/management/concepts/operant-conditioning-0-3542/ Pappas, C. (2015). Instructional design models and theories: Operant conditioning theory. Retrieved September 29, 2016, from https://elearningindustry.com/operant-conditioning-theory Wleklinski, N. (n.d.). Skinner's teaching machine and programmed learning theory. Retrieved September 29, 2016, from http://people.ischool.illinois.edu/~chip/projects/timeline/1954teaching_machine.html